diff --git a/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/raft.go b/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/raft.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdcb43d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/raft.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1656 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package raft
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/confchange"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/quorum"
+	pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/raftpb"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/tracker"
+)
+
+// None is a placeholder node ID used when there is no leader.
+const None uint64 = 0
+const noLimit = math.MaxUint64
+
+// Possible values for StateType.
+const (
+	StateFollower StateType = iota
+	StateCandidate
+	StateLeader
+	StatePreCandidate
+	numStates
+)
+
+type ReadOnlyOption int
+
+const (
+	// ReadOnlySafe guarantees the linearizability of the read only request by
+	// communicating with the quorum. It is the default and suggested option.
+	ReadOnlySafe ReadOnlyOption = iota
+	// ReadOnlyLeaseBased ensures linearizability of the read only request by
+	// relying on the leader lease. It can be affected by clock drift.
+	// If the clock drift is unbounded, leader might keep the lease longer than it
+	// should (clock can move backward/pause without any bound). ReadIndex is not safe
+	// in that case.
+	ReadOnlyLeaseBased
+)
+
+// Possible values for CampaignType
+const (
+	// campaignPreElection represents the first phase of a normal election when
+	// Config.PreVote is true.
+	campaignPreElection CampaignType = "CampaignPreElection"
+	// campaignElection represents a normal (time-based) election (the second phase
+	// of the election when Config.PreVote is true).
+	campaignElection CampaignType = "CampaignElection"
+	// campaignTransfer represents the type of leader transfer
+	campaignTransfer CampaignType = "CampaignTransfer"
+)
+
+// ErrProposalDropped is returned when the proposal is ignored by some cases,
+// so that the proposer can be notified and fail fast.
+var ErrProposalDropped = errors.New("raft proposal dropped")
+
+// lockedRand is a small wrapper around rand.Rand to provide
+// synchronization among multiple raft groups. Only the methods needed
+// by the code are exposed (e.g. Intn).
+type lockedRand struct {
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	rand *rand.Rand
+}
+
+func (r *lockedRand) Intn(n int) int {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	v := r.rand.Intn(n)
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+	return v
+}
+
+var globalRand = &lockedRand{
+	rand: rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())),
+}
+
+// CampaignType represents the type of campaigning
+// the reason we use the type of string instead of uint64
+// is because it's simpler to compare and fill in raft entries
+type CampaignType string
+
+// StateType represents the role of a node in a cluster.
+type StateType uint64
+
+var stmap = [...]string{
+	"StateFollower",
+	"StateCandidate",
+	"StateLeader",
+	"StatePreCandidate",
+}
+
+func (st StateType) String() string {
+	return stmap[uint64(st)]
+}
+
+// Config contains the parameters to start a raft.
+type Config struct {
+	// ID is the identity of the local raft. ID cannot be 0.
+	ID uint64
+
+	// peers contains the IDs of all nodes (including self) in the raft cluster. It
+	// should only be set when starting a new raft cluster. Restarting raft from
+	// previous configuration will panic if peers is set. peer is private and only
+	// used for testing right now.
+	peers []uint64
+
+	// learners contains the IDs of all learner nodes (including self if the
+	// local node is a learner) in the raft cluster. learners only receives
+	// entries from the leader node. It does not vote or promote itself.
+	learners []uint64
+
+	// ElectionTick is the number of Node.Tick invocations that must pass between
+	// elections. That is, if a follower does not receive any message from the
+	// leader of current term before ElectionTick has elapsed, it will become
+	// candidate and start an election. ElectionTick must be greater than
+	// HeartbeatTick. We suggest ElectionTick = 10 * HeartbeatTick to avoid
+	// unnecessary leader switching.
+	ElectionTick int
+	// HeartbeatTick is the number of Node.Tick invocations that must pass between
+	// heartbeats. That is, a leader sends heartbeat messages to maintain its
+	// leadership every HeartbeatTick ticks.
+	HeartbeatTick int
+
+	// Storage is the storage for raft. raft generates entries and states to be
+	// stored in storage. raft reads the persisted entries and states out of
+	// Storage when it needs. raft reads out the previous state and configuration
+	// out of storage when restarting.
+	Storage Storage
+	// Applied is the last applied index. It should only be set when restarting
+	// raft. raft will not return entries to the application smaller or equal to
+	// Applied. If Applied is unset when restarting, raft might return previous
+	// applied entries. This is a very application dependent configuration.
+	Applied uint64
+
+	// MaxSizePerMsg limits the max byte size of each append message. Smaller
+	// value lowers the raft recovery cost(initial probing and message lost
+	// during normal operation). On the other side, it might affect the
+	// throughput during normal replication. Note: math.MaxUint64 for unlimited,
+	// 0 for at most one entry per message.
+	MaxSizePerMsg uint64
+	// MaxCommittedSizePerReady limits the size of the committed entries which
+	// can be applied.
+	MaxCommittedSizePerReady uint64
+	// MaxUncommittedEntriesSize limits the aggregate byte size of the
+	// uncommitted entries that may be appended to a leader's log. Once this
+	// limit is exceeded, proposals will begin to return ErrProposalDropped
+	// errors. Note: 0 for no limit.
+	MaxUncommittedEntriesSize uint64
+	// MaxInflightMsgs limits the max number of in-flight append messages during
+	// optimistic replication phase. The application transportation layer usually
+	// has its own sending buffer over TCP/UDP. Setting MaxInflightMsgs to avoid
+	// overflowing that sending buffer. TODO (xiangli): feedback to application to
+	// limit the proposal rate?
+	MaxInflightMsgs int
+
+	// CheckQuorum specifies if the leader should check quorum activity. Leader
+	// steps down when quorum is not active for an electionTimeout.
+	CheckQuorum bool
+
+	// PreVote enables the Pre-Vote algorithm described in raft thesis section
+	// 9.6. This prevents disruption when a node that has been partitioned away
+	// rejoins the cluster.
+	PreVote bool
+
+	// ReadOnlyOption specifies how the read only request is processed.
+	//
+	// ReadOnlySafe guarantees the linearizability of the read only request by
+	// communicating with the quorum. It is the default and suggested option.
+	//
+	// ReadOnlyLeaseBased ensures linearizability of the read only request by
+	// relying on the leader lease. It can be affected by clock drift.
+	// If the clock drift is unbounded, leader might keep the lease longer than it
+	// should (clock can move backward/pause without any bound). ReadIndex is not safe
+	// in that case.
+	// CheckQuorum MUST be enabled if ReadOnlyOption is ReadOnlyLeaseBased.
+	ReadOnlyOption ReadOnlyOption
+
+	// Logger is the logger used for raft log. For multinode which can host
+	// multiple raft group, each raft group can have its own logger
+	Logger Logger
+
+	// DisableProposalForwarding set to true means that followers will drop
+	// proposals, rather than forwarding them to the leader. One use case for
+	// this feature would be in a situation where the Raft leader is used to
+	// compute the data of a proposal, for example, adding a timestamp from a
+	// hybrid logical clock to data in a monotonically increasing way. Forwarding
+	// should be disabled to prevent a follower with an inaccurate hybrid
+	// logical clock from assigning the timestamp and then forwarding the data
+	// to the leader.
+	DisableProposalForwarding bool
+}
+
+func (c *Config) validate() error {
+	if c.ID == None {
+		return errors.New("cannot use none as id")
+	}
+
+	if c.HeartbeatTick <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("heartbeat tick must be greater than 0")
+	}
+
+	if c.ElectionTick <= c.HeartbeatTick {
+		return errors.New("election tick must be greater than heartbeat tick")
+	}
+
+	if c.Storage == nil {
+		return errors.New("storage cannot be nil")
+	}
+
+	if c.MaxUncommittedEntriesSize == 0 {
+		c.MaxUncommittedEntriesSize = noLimit
+	}
+
+	// default MaxCommittedSizePerReady to MaxSizePerMsg because they were
+	// previously the same parameter.
+	if c.MaxCommittedSizePerReady == 0 {
+		c.MaxCommittedSizePerReady = c.MaxSizePerMsg
+	}
+
+	if c.MaxInflightMsgs <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("max inflight messages must be greater than 0")
+	}
+
+	if c.Logger == nil {
+		c.Logger = raftLogger
+	}
+
+	if c.ReadOnlyOption == ReadOnlyLeaseBased && !c.CheckQuorum {
+		return errors.New("CheckQuorum must be enabled when ReadOnlyOption is ReadOnlyLeaseBased")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type raft struct {
+	id uint64
+
+	Term uint64
+	Vote uint64
+
+	readStates []ReadState
+
+	// the log
+	raftLog *raftLog
+
+	maxMsgSize         uint64
+	maxUncommittedSize uint64
+	// TODO(tbg): rename to trk.
+	prs tracker.ProgressTracker
+
+	state StateType
+
+	// isLearner is true if the local raft node is a learner.
+	isLearner bool
+
+	msgs []pb.Message
+
+	// the leader id
+	lead uint64
+	// leadTransferee is id of the leader transfer target when its value is not zero.
+	// Follow the procedure defined in raft thesis 3.10.
+	leadTransferee uint64
+	// Only one conf change may be pending (in the log, but not yet
+	// applied) at a time. This is enforced via pendingConfIndex, which
+	// is set to a value >= the log index of the latest pending
+	// configuration change (if any). Config changes are only allowed to
+	// be proposed if the leader's applied index is greater than this
+	// value.
+	pendingConfIndex uint64
+	// an estimate of the size of the uncommitted tail of the Raft log. Used to
+	// prevent unbounded log growth. Only maintained by the leader. Reset on
+	// term changes.
+	uncommittedSize uint64
+
+	readOnly *readOnly
+
+	// number of ticks since it reached last electionTimeout when it is leader
+	// or candidate.
+	// number of ticks since it reached last electionTimeout or received a
+	// valid message from current leader when it is a follower.
+	electionElapsed int
+
+	// number of ticks since it reached last heartbeatTimeout.
+	// only leader keeps heartbeatElapsed.
+	heartbeatElapsed int
+
+	checkQuorum bool
+	preVote     bool
+
+	heartbeatTimeout int
+	electionTimeout  int
+	// randomizedElectionTimeout is a random number between
+	// [electiontimeout, 2 * electiontimeout - 1]. It gets reset
+	// when raft changes its state to follower or candidate.
+	randomizedElectionTimeout int
+	disableProposalForwarding bool
+
+	tick func()
+	step stepFunc
+
+	logger Logger
+}
+
+func newRaft(c *Config) *raft {
+	if err := c.validate(); err != nil {
+		panic(err.Error())
+	}
+	raftlog := newLogWithSize(c.Storage, c.Logger, c.MaxCommittedSizePerReady)
+	hs, cs, err := c.Storage.InitialState()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err) // TODO(bdarnell)
+	}
+
+	if len(c.peers) > 0 || len(c.learners) > 0 {
+		if len(cs.Voters) > 0 || len(cs.Learners) > 0 {
+			// TODO(bdarnell): the peers argument is always nil except in
+			// tests; the argument should be removed and these tests should be
+			// updated to specify their nodes through a snapshot.
+			panic("cannot specify both newRaft(peers, learners) and ConfState.(Voters, Learners)")
+		}
+		cs.Voters = c.peers
+		cs.Learners = c.learners
+	}
+
+	r := &raft{
+		id:                        c.ID,
+		lead:                      None,
+		isLearner:                 false,
+		raftLog:                   raftlog,
+		maxMsgSize:                c.MaxSizePerMsg,
+		maxUncommittedSize:        c.MaxUncommittedEntriesSize,
+		prs:                       tracker.MakeProgressTracker(c.MaxInflightMsgs),
+		electionTimeout:           c.ElectionTick,
+		heartbeatTimeout:          c.HeartbeatTick,
+		logger:                    c.Logger,
+		checkQuorum:               c.CheckQuorum,
+		preVote:                   c.PreVote,
+		readOnly:                  newReadOnly(c.ReadOnlyOption),
+		disableProposalForwarding: c.DisableProposalForwarding,
+	}
+
+	cfg, prs, err := confchange.Restore(confchange.Changer{
+		Tracker:   r.prs,
+		LastIndex: raftlog.lastIndex(),
+	}, cs)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	assertConfStatesEquivalent(r.logger, cs, r.switchToConfig(cfg, prs))
+
+	if !IsEmptyHardState(hs) {
+		r.loadState(hs)
+	}
+	if c.Applied > 0 {
+		raftlog.appliedTo(c.Applied)
+	}
+	r.becomeFollower(r.Term, None)
+
+	var nodesStrs []string
+	for _, n := range r.prs.VoterNodes() {
+		nodesStrs = append(nodesStrs, fmt.Sprintf("%x", n))
+	}
+
+	r.logger.Infof("newRaft %x [peers: [%s], term: %d, commit: %d, applied: %d, lastindex: %d, lastterm: %d]",
+		r.id, strings.Join(nodesStrs, ","), r.Term, r.raftLog.committed, r.raftLog.applied, r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.raftLog.lastTerm())
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r *raft) hasLeader() bool { return r.lead != None }
+
+func (r *raft) softState() *SoftState { return &SoftState{Lead: r.lead, RaftState: r.state} }
+
+func (r *raft) hardState() pb.HardState {
+	return pb.HardState{
+		Term:   r.Term,
+		Vote:   r.Vote,
+		Commit: r.raftLog.committed,
+	}
+}
+
+// send persists state to stable storage and then sends to its mailbox.
+func (r *raft) send(m pb.Message) {
+	m.From = r.id
+	if m.Type == pb.MsgVote || m.Type == pb.MsgVoteResp || m.Type == pb.MsgPreVote || m.Type == pb.MsgPreVoteResp {
+		if m.Term == 0 {
+			// All {pre-,}campaign messages need to have the term set when
+			// sending.
+			// - MsgVote: m.Term is the term the node is campaigning for,
+			//   non-zero as we increment the term when campaigning.
+			// - MsgVoteResp: m.Term is the new r.Term if the MsgVote was
+			//   granted, non-zero for the same reason MsgVote is
+			// - MsgPreVote: m.Term is the term the node will campaign,
+			//   non-zero as we use m.Term to indicate the next term we'll be
+			//   campaigning for
+			// - MsgPreVoteResp: m.Term is the term received in the original
+			//   MsgPreVote if the pre-vote was granted, non-zero for the
+			//   same reasons MsgPreVote is
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("term should be set when sending %s", m.Type))
+		}
+	} else {
+		if m.Term != 0 {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("term should not be set when sending %s (was %d)", m.Type, m.Term))
+		}
+		// do not attach term to MsgProp, MsgReadIndex
+		// proposals are a way to forward to the leader and
+		// should be treated as local message.
+		// MsgReadIndex is also forwarded to leader.
+		if m.Type != pb.MsgProp && m.Type != pb.MsgReadIndex {
+			m.Term = r.Term
+		}
+	}
+	r.msgs = append(r.msgs, m)
+}
+
+// sendAppend sends an append RPC with new entries (if any) and the
+// current commit index to the given peer.
+func (r *raft) sendAppend(to uint64) {
+	r.maybeSendAppend(to, true)
+}
+
+// maybeSendAppend sends an append RPC with new entries to the given peer,
+// if necessary. Returns true if a message was sent. The sendIfEmpty
+// argument controls whether messages with no entries will be sent
+// ("empty" messages are useful to convey updated Commit indexes, but
+// are undesirable when we're sending multiple messages in a batch).
+func (r *raft) maybeSendAppend(to uint64, sendIfEmpty bool) bool {
+	pr := r.prs.Progress[to]
+	if pr.IsPaused() {
+		return false
+	}
+	m := pb.Message{}
+	m.To = to
+
+	term, errt := r.raftLog.term(pr.Next - 1)
+	ents, erre := r.raftLog.entries(pr.Next, r.maxMsgSize)
+	if len(ents) == 0 && !sendIfEmpty {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if errt != nil || erre != nil { // send snapshot if we failed to get term or entries
+		if !pr.RecentActive {
+			r.logger.Debugf("ignore sending snapshot to %x since it is not recently active", to)
+			return false
+		}
+
+		m.Type = pb.MsgSnap
+		snapshot, err := r.raftLog.snapshot()
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == ErrSnapshotTemporarilyUnavailable {
+				r.logger.Debugf("%x failed to send snapshot to %x because snapshot is temporarily unavailable", r.id, to)
+				return false
+			}
+			panic(err) // TODO(bdarnell)
+		}
+		if IsEmptySnap(snapshot) {
+			panic("need non-empty snapshot")
+		}
+		m.Snapshot = snapshot
+		sindex, sterm := snapshot.Metadata.Index, snapshot.Metadata.Term
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x [firstindex: %d, commit: %d] sent snapshot[index: %d, term: %d] to %x [%s]",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.firstIndex(), r.raftLog.committed, sindex, sterm, to, pr)
+		pr.BecomeSnapshot(sindex)
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x paused sending replication messages to %x [%s]", r.id, to, pr)
+	} else {
+		m.Type = pb.MsgApp
+		m.Index = pr.Next - 1
+		m.LogTerm = term
+		m.Entries = ents
+		m.Commit = r.raftLog.committed
+		if n := len(m.Entries); n != 0 {
+			switch pr.State {
+			// optimistically increase the next when in StateReplicate
+			case tracker.StateReplicate:
+				last := m.Entries[n-1].Index
+				pr.OptimisticUpdate(last)
+				pr.Inflights.Add(last)
+			case tracker.StateProbe:
+				pr.ProbeSent = true
+			default:
+				r.logger.Panicf("%x is sending append in unhandled state %s", r.id, pr.State)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	r.send(m)
+	return true
+}
+
+// sendHeartbeat sends a heartbeat RPC to the given peer.
+func (r *raft) sendHeartbeat(to uint64, ctx []byte) {
+	// Attach the commit as min(to.matched, r.committed).
+	// When the leader sends out heartbeat message,
+	// the receiver(follower) might not be matched with the leader
+	// or it might not have all the committed entries.
+	// The leader MUST NOT forward the follower's commit to
+	// an unmatched index.
+	commit := min(r.prs.Progress[to].Match, r.raftLog.committed)
+	m := pb.Message{
+		To:      to,
+		Type:    pb.MsgHeartbeat,
+		Commit:  commit,
+		Context: ctx,
+	}
+
+	r.send(m)
+}
+
+// bcastAppend sends RPC, with entries to all peers that are not up-to-date
+// according to the progress recorded in r.prs.
+func (r *raft) bcastAppend() {
+	r.prs.Visit(func(id uint64, _ *tracker.Progress) {
+		if id == r.id {
+			return
+		}
+		r.sendAppend(id)
+	})
+}
+
+// bcastHeartbeat sends RPC, without entries to all the peers.
+func (r *raft) bcastHeartbeat() {
+	lastCtx := r.readOnly.lastPendingRequestCtx()
+	if len(lastCtx) == 0 {
+		r.bcastHeartbeatWithCtx(nil)
+	} else {
+		r.bcastHeartbeatWithCtx([]byte(lastCtx))
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *raft) bcastHeartbeatWithCtx(ctx []byte) {
+	r.prs.Visit(func(id uint64, _ *tracker.Progress) {
+		if id == r.id {
+			return
+		}
+		r.sendHeartbeat(id, ctx)
+	})
+}
+
+func (r *raft) advance(rd Ready) {
+	// If entries were applied (or a snapshot), update our cursor for
+	// the next Ready. Note that if the current HardState contains a
+	// new Commit index, this does not mean that we're also applying
+	// all of the new entries due to commit pagination by size.
+	if index := rd.appliedCursor(); index > 0 {
+		r.raftLog.appliedTo(index)
+		if r.prs.Config.AutoLeave && index >= r.pendingConfIndex && r.state == StateLeader {
+			// If the current (and most recent, at least for this leader's term)
+			// configuration should be auto-left, initiate that now.
+			ccdata, err := (&pb.ConfChangeV2{}).Marshal()
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+			ent := pb.Entry{
+				Type: pb.EntryConfChangeV2,
+				Data: ccdata,
+			}
+			if !r.appendEntry(ent) {
+				// If we could not append the entry, bump the pending conf index
+				// so that we'll try again later.
+				//
+				// TODO(tbg): test this case.
+				r.pendingConfIndex = r.raftLog.lastIndex()
+			} else {
+				r.logger.Infof("initiating automatic transition out of joint configuration %s", r.prs.Config)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	r.reduceUncommittedSize(rd.CommittedEntries)
+
+	if len(rd.Entries) > 0 {
+		e := rd.Entries[len(rd.Entries)-1]
+		r.raftLog.stableTo(e.Index, e.Term)
+	}
+	if !IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) {
+		r.raftLog.stableSnapTo(rd.Snapshot.Metadata.Index)
+	}
+}
+
+// maybeCommit attempts to advance the commit index. Returns true if
+// the commit index changed (in which case the caller should call
+// r.bcastAppend).
+func (r *raft) maybeCommit() bool {
+	mci := r.prs.Committed()
+	return r.raftLog.maybeCommit(mci, r.Term)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) reset(term uint64) {
+	if r.Term != term {
+		r.Term = term
+		r.Vote = None
+	}
+	r.lead = None
+
+	r.electionElapsed = 0
+	r.heartbeatElapsed = 0
+	r.resetRandomizedElectionTimeout()
+
+	r.abortLeaderTransfer()
+
+	r.prs.ResetVotes()
+	r.prs.Visit(func(id uint64, pr *tracker.Progress) {
+		*pr = tracker.Progress{
+			Match:     0,
+			Next:      r.raftLog.lastIndex() + 1,
+			Inflights: tracker.NewInflights(r.prs.MaxInflight),
+			IsLearner: pr.IsLearner,
+		}
+		if id == r.id {
+			pr.Match = r.raftLog.lastIndex()
+		}
+	})
+
+	r.pendingConfIndex = 0
+	r.uncommittedSize = 0
+	r.readOnly = newReadOnly(r.readOnly.option)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) appendEntry(es ...pb.Entry) (accepted bool) {
+	li := r.raftLog.lastIndex()
+	for i := range es {
+		es[i].Term = r.Term
+		es[i].Index = li + 1 + uint64(i)
+	}
+	// Track the size of this uncommitted proposal.
+	if !r.increaseUncommittedSize(es) {
+		r.logger.Debugf(
+			"%x appending new entries to log would exceed uncommitted entry size limit; dropping proposal",
+			r.id,
+		)
+		// Drop the proposal.
+		return false
+	}
+	// use latest "last" index after truncate/append
+	li = r.raftLog.append(es...)
+	r.prs.Progress[r.id].MaybeUpdate(li)
+	// Regardless of maybeCommit's return, our caller will call bcastAppend.
+	r.maybeCommit()
+	return true
+}
+
+// tickElection is run by followers and candidates after r.electionTimeout.
+func (r *raft) tickElection() {
+	r.electionElapsed++
+
+	if r.promotable() && r.pastElectionTimeout() {
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		r.Step(pb.Message{From: r.id, Type: pb.MsgHup})
+	}
+}
+
+// tickHeartbeat is run by leaders to send a MsgBeat after r.heartbeatTimeout.
+func (r *raft) tickHeartbeat() {
+	r.heartbeatElapsed++
+	r.electionElapsed++
+
+	if r.electionElapsed >= r.electionTimeout {
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		if r.checkQuorum {
+			r.Step(pb.Message{From: r.id, Type: pb.MsgCheckQuorum})
+		}
+		// If current leader cannot transfer leadership in electionTimeout, it becomes leader again.
+		if r.state == StateLeader && r.leadTransferee != None {
+			r.abortLeaderTransfer()
+		}
+	}
+
+	if r.state != StateLeader {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if r.heartbeatElapsed >= r.heartbeatTimeout {
+		r.heartbeatElapsed = 0
+		r.Step(pb.Message{From: r.id, Type: pb.MsgBeat})
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *raft) becomeFollower(term uint64, lead uint64) {
+	r.step = stepFollower
+	r.reset(term)
+	r.tick = r.tickElection
+	r.lead = lead
+	r.state = StateFollower
+	r.logger.Infof("%x became follower at term %d", r.id, r.Term)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) becomeCandidate() {
+	// TODO(xiangli) remove the panic when the raft implementation is stable
+	if r.state == StateLeader {
+		panic("invalid transition [leader -> candidate]")
+	}
+	r.step = stepCandidate
+	r.reset(r.Term + 1)
+	r.tick = r.tickElection
+	r.Vote = r.id
+	r.state = StateCandidate
+	r.logger.Infof("%x became candidate at term %d", r.id, r.Term)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) becomePreCandidate() {
+	// TODO(xiangli) remove the panic when the raft implementation is stable
+	if r.state == StateLeader {
+		panic("invalid transition [leader -> pre-candidate]")
+	}
+	// Becoming a pre-candidate changes our step functions and state,
+	// but doesn't change anything else. In particular it does not increase
+	// r.Term or change r.Vote.
+	r.step = stepCandidate
+	r.prs.ResetVotes()
+	r.tick = r.tickElection
+	r.lead = None
+	r.state = StatePreCandidate
+	r.logger.Infof("%x became pre-candidate at term %d", r.id, r.Term)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) becomeLeader() {
+	// TODO(xiangli) remove the panic when the raft implementation is stable
+	if r.state == StateFollower {
+		panic("invalid transition [follower -> leader]")
+	}
+	r.step = stepLeader
+	r.reset(r.Term)
+	r.tick = r.tickHeartbeat
+	r.lead = r.id
+	r.state = StateLeader
+	// Followers enter replicate mode when they've been successfully probed
+	// (perhaps after having received a snapshot as a result). The leader is
+	// trivially in this state. Note that r.reset() has initialized this
+	// progress with the last index already.
+	r.prs.Progress[r.id].BecomeReplicate()
+
+	// Conservatively set the pendingConfIndex to the last index in the
+	// log. There may or may not be a pending config change, but it's
+	// safe to delay any future proposals until we commit all our
+	// pending log entries, and scanning the entire tail of the log
+	// could be expensive.
+	r.pendingConfIndex = r.raftLog.lastIndex()
+
+	emptyEnt := pb.Entry{Data: nil}
+	if !r.appendEntry(emptyEnt) {
+		// This won't happen because we just called reset() above.
+		r.logger.Panic("empty entry was dropped")
+	}
+	// As a special case, don't count the initial empty entry towards the
+	// uncommitted log quota. This is because we want to preserve the
+	// behavior of allowing one entry larger than quota if the current
+	// usage is zero.
+	r.reduceUncommittedSize([]pb.Entry{emptyEnt})
+	r.logger.Infof("%x became leader at term %d", r.id, r.Term)
+}
+
+// campaign transitions the raft instance to candidate state. This must only be
+// called after verifying that this is a legitimate transition.
+func (r *raft) campaign(t CampaignType) {
+	if !r.promotable() {
+		// This path should not be hit (callers are supposed to check), but
+		// better safe than sorry.
+		r.logger.Warningf("%x is unpromotable; campaign() should have been called", r.id)
+	}
+	var term uint64
+	var voteMsg pb.MessageType
+	if t == campaignPreElection {
+		r.becomePreCandidate()
+		voteMsg = pb.MsgPreVote
+		// PreVote RPCs are sent for the next term before we've incremented r.Term.
+		term = r.Term + 1
+	} else {
+		r.becomeCandidate()
+		voteMsg = pb.MsgVote
+		term = r.Term
+	}
+	if _, _, res := r.poll(r.id, voteRespMsgType(voteMsg), true); res == quorum.VoteWon {
+		// We won the election after voting for ourselves (which must mean that
+		// this is a single-node cluster). Advance to the next state.
+		if t == campaignPreElection {
+			r.campaign(campaignElection)
+		} else {
+			r.becomeLeader()
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	var ids []uint64
+	{
+		idMap := r.prs.Voters.IDs()
+		ids = make([]uint64, 0, len(idMap))
+		for id := range idMap {
+			ids = append(ids, id)
+		}
+		sort.Slice(ids, func(i, j int) bool { return ids[i] < ids[j] })
+	}
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		if id == r.id {
+			continue
+		}
+		r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d] sent %s request to %x at term %d",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.lastTerm(), r.raftLog.lastIndex(), voteMsg, id, r.Term)
+
+		var ctx []byte
+		if t == campaignTransfer {
+			ctx = []byte(t)
+		}
+		r.send(pb.Message{Term: term, To: id, Type: voteMsg, Index: r.raftLog.lastIndex(), LogTerm: r.raftLog.lastTerm(), Context: ctx})
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *raft) poll(id uint64, t pb.MessageType, v bool) (granted int, rejected int, result quorum.VoteResult) {
+	if v {
+		r.logger.Infof("%x received %s from %x at term %d", r.id, t, id, r.Term)
+	} else {
+		r.logger.Infof("%x received %s rejection from %x at term %d", r.id, t, id, r.Term)
+	}
+	r.prs.RecordVote(id, v)
+	return r.prs.TallyVotes()
+}
+
+func (r *raft) Step(m pb.Message) error {
+	// Handle the message term, which may result in our stepping down to a follower.
+	switch {
+	case m.Term == 0:
+		// local message
+	case m.Term > r.Term:
+		if m.Type == pb.MsgVote || m.Type == pb.MsgPreVote {
+			force := bytes.Equal(m.Context, []byte(campaignTransfer))
+			inLease := r.checkQuorum && r.lead != None && r.electionElapsed < r.electionTimeout
+			if !force && inLease {
+				// If a server receives a RequestVote request within the minimum election timeout
+				// of hearing from a current leader, it does not update its term or grant its vote
+				r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d, vote: %x] ignored %s from %x [logterm: %d, index: %d] at term %d: lease is not expired (remaining ticks: %d)",
+					r.id, r.raftLog.lastTerm(), r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.Vote, m.Type, m.From, m.LogTerm, m.Index, r.Term, r.electionTimeout-r.electionElapsed)
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		switch {
+		case m.Type == pb.MsgPreVote:
+			// Never change our term in response to a PreVote
+		case m.Type == pb.MsgPreVoteResp && !m.Reject:
+			// We send pre-vote requests with a term in our future. If the
+			// pre-vote is granted, we will increment our term when we get a
+			// quorum. If it is not, the term comes from the node that
+			// rejected our vote so we should become a follower at the new
+			// term.
+		default:
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [term: %d] received a %s message with higher term from %x [term: %d]",
+				r.id, r.Term, m.Type, m.From, m.Term)
+			if m.Type == pb.MsgApp || m.Type == pb.MsgHeartbeat || m.Type == pb.MsgSnap {
+				r.becomeFollower(m.Term, m.From)
+			} else {
+				r.becomeFollower(m.Term, None)
+			}
+		}
+
+	case m.Term < r.Term:
+		if (r.checkQuorum || r.preVote) && (m.Type == pb.MsgHeartbeat || m.Type == pb.MsgApp) {
+			// We have received messages from a leader at a lower term. It is possible
+			// that these messages were simply delayed in the network, but this could
+			// also mean that this node has advanced its term number during a network
+			// partition, and it is now unable to either win an election or to rejoin
+			// the majority on the old term. If checkQuorum is false, this will be
+			// handled by incrementing term numbers in response to MsgVote with a
+			// higher term, but if checkQuorum is true we may not advance the term on
+			// MsgVote and must generate other messages to advance the term. The net
+			// result of these two features is to minimize the disruption caused by
+			// nodes that have been removed from the cluster's configuration: a
+			// removed node will send MsgVotes (or MsgPreVotes) which will be ignored,
+			// but it will not receive MsgApp or MsgHeartbeat, so it will not create
+			// disruptive term increases, by notifying leader of this node's activeness.
+			// The above comments also true for Pre-Vote
+			//
+			// When follower gets isolated, it soon starts an election ending
+			// up with a higher term than leader, although it won't receive enough
+			// votes to win the election. When it regains connectivity, this response
+			// with "pb.MsgAppResp" of higher term would force leader to step down.
+			// However, this disruption is inevitable to free this stuck node with
+			// fresh election. This can be prevented with Pre-Vote phase.
+			r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp})
+		} else if m.Type == pb.MsgPreVote {
+			// Before Pre-Vote enable, there may have candidate with higher term,
+			// but less log. After update to Pre-Vote, the cluster may deadlock if
+			// we drop messages with a lower term.
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d, vote: %x] rejected %s from %x [logterm: %d, index: %d] at term %d",
+				r.id, r.raftLog.lastTerm(), r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.Vote, m.Type, m.From, m.LogTerm, m.Index, r.Term)
+			r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Term: r.Term, Type: pb.MsgPreVoteResp, Reject: true})
+		} else {
+			// ignore other cases
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [term: %d] ignored a %s message with lower term from %x [term: %d]",
+				r.id, r.Term, m.Type, m.From, m.Term)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	switch m.Type {
+	case pb.MsgHup:
+		if r.state != StateLeader {
+			if !r.promotable() {
+				r.logger.Warningf("%x is unpromotable and can not campaign; ignoring MsgHup", r.id)
+				return nil
+			}
+			ents, err := r.raftLog.slice(r.raftLog.applied+1, r.raftLog.committed+1, noLimit)
+			if err != nil {
+				r.logger.Panicf("unexpected error getting unapplied entries (%v)", err)
+			}
+			if n := numOfPendingConf(ents); n != 0 && r.raftLog.committed > r.raftLog.applied {
+				r.logger.Warningf("%x cannot campaign at term %d since there are still %d pending configuration changes to apply", r.id, r.Term, n)
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			r.logger.Infof("%x is starting a new election at term %d", r.id, r.Term)
+			if r.preVote {
+				r.campaign(campaignPreElection)
+			} else {
+				r.campaign(campaignElection)
+			}
+		} else {
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x ignoring MsgHup because already leader", r.id)
+		}
+
+	case pb.MsgVote, pb.MsgPreVote:
+		// We can vote if this is a repeat of a vote we've already cast...
+		canVote := r.Vote == m.From ||
+			// ...we haven't voted and we don't think there's a leader yet in this term...
+			(r.Vote == None && r.lead == None) ||
+			// ...or this is a PreVote for a future term...
+			(m.Type == pb.MsgPreVote && m.Term > r.Term)
+		// ...and we believe the candidate is up to date.
+		if canVote && r.raftLog.isUpToDate(m.Index, m.LogTerm) {
+			// Note: it turns out that that learners must be allowed to cast votes.
+			// This seems counter- intuitive but is necessary in the situation in which
+			// a learner has been promoted (i.e. is now a voter) but has not learned
+			// about this yet.
+			// For example, consider a group in which id=1 is a learner and id=2 and
+			// id=3 are voters. A configuration change promoting 1 can be committed on
+			// the quorum `{2,3}` without the config change being appended to the
+			// learner's log. If the leader (say 2) fails, there are de facto two
+			// voters remaining. Only 3 can win an election (due to its log containing
+			// all committed entries), but to do so it will need 1 to vote. But 1
+			// considers itself a learner and will continue to do so until 3 has
+			// stepped up as leader, replicates the conf change to 1, and 1 applies it.
+			// Ultimately, by receiving a request to vote, the learner realizes that
+			// the candidate believes it to be a voter, and that it should act
+			// accordingly. The candidate's config may be stale, too; but in that case
+			// it won't win the election, at least in the absence of the bug discussed
+			// in:
+			// https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/7625#issuecomment-488798263.
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d, vote: %x] cast %s for %x [logterm: %d, index: %d] at term %d",
+				r.id, r.raftLog.lastTerm(), r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.Vote, m.Type, m.From, m.LogTerm, m.Index, r.Term)
+			// When responding to Msg{Pre,}Vote messages we include the term
+			// from the message, not the local term. To see why, consider the
+			// case where a single node was previously partitioned away and
+			// it's local term is now out of date. If we include the local term
+			// (recall that for pre-votes we don't update the local term), the
+			// (pre-)campaigning node on the other end will proceed to ignore
+			// the message (it ignores all out of date messages).
+			// The term in the original message and current local term are the
+			// same in the case of regular votes, but different for pre-votes.
+			r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Term: m.Term, Type: voteRespMsgType(m.Type)})
+			if m.Type == pb.MsgVote {
+				// Only record real votes.
+				r.electionElapsed = 0
+				r.Vote = m.From
+			}
+		} else {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d, vote: %x] rejected %s from %x [logterm: %d, index: %d] at term %d",
+				r.id, r.raftLog.lastTerm(), r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.Vote, m.Type, m.From, m.LogTerm, m.Index, r.Term)
+			r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Term: r.Term, Type: voteRespMsgType(m.Type), Reject: true})
+		}
+
+	default:
+		err := r.step(r, m)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type stepFunc func(r *raft, m pb.Message) error
+
+func stepLeader(r *raft, m pb.Message) error {
+	// These message types do not require any progress for m.From.
+	switch m.Type {
+	case pb.MsgBeat:
+		r.bcastHeartbeat()
+		return nil
+	case pb.MsgCheckQuorum:
+		// The leader should always see itself as active. As a precaution, handle
+		// the case in which the leader isn't in the configuration any more (for
+		// example if it just removed itself).
+		//
+		// TODO(tbg): I added a TODO in removeNode, it doesn't seem that the
+		// leader steps down when removing itself. I might be missing something.
+		if pr := r.prs.Progress[r.id]; pr != nil {
+			pr.RecentActive = true
+		}
+		if !r.prs.QuorumActive() {
+			r.logger.Warningf("%x stepped down to follower since quorum is not active", r.id)
+			r.becomeFollower(r.Term, None)
+		}
+		// Mark everyone (but ourselves) as inactive in preparation for the next
+		// CheckQuorum.
+		r.prs.Visit(func(id uint64, pr *tracker.Progress) {
+			if id != r.id {
+				pr.RecentActive = false
+			}
+		})
+		return nil
+	case pb.MsgProp:
+		if len(m.Entries) == 0 {
+			r.logger.Panicf("%x stepped empty MsgProp", r.id)
+		}
+		if r.prs.Progress[r.id] == nil {
+			// If we are not currently a member of the range (i.e. this node
+			// was removed from the configuration while serving as leader),
+			// drop any new proposals.
+			return ErrProposalDropped
+		}
+		if r.leadTransferee != None {
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x [term %d] transfer leadership to %x is in progress; dropping proposal", r.id, r.Term, r.leadTransferee)
+			return ErrProposalDropped
+		}
+
+		for i := range m.Entries {
+			e := &m.Entries[i]
+			var cc pb.ConfChangeI
+			if e.Type == pb.EntryConfChange {
+				var ccc pb.ConfChange
+				if err := ccc.Unmarshal(e.Data); err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+				cc = ccc
+			} else if e.Type == pb.EntryConfChangeV2 {
+				var ccc pb.ConfChangeV2
+				if err := ccc.Unmarshal(e.Data); err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+				cc = ccc
+			}
+			if cc != nil {
+				alreadyPending := r.pendingConfIndex > r.raftLog.applied
+				alreadyJoint := len(r.prs.Config.Voters[1]) > 0
+				wantsLeaveJoint := len(cc.AsV2().Changes) == 0
+
+				var refused string
+				if alreadyPending {
+					refused = fmt.Sprintf("possible unapplied conf change at index %d (applied to %d)", r.pendingConfIndex, r.raftLog.applied)
+				} else if alreadyJoint && !wantsLeaveJoint {
+					refused = "must transition out of joint config first"
+				} else if !alreadyJoint && wantsLeaveJoint {
+					refused = "not in joint state; refusing empty conf change"
+				}
+
+				if refused != "" {
+					r.logger.Infof("%x ignoring conf change %v at config %s: %s", r.id, cc, r.prs.Config, refused)
+					m.Entries[i] = pb.Entry{Type: pb.EntryNormal}
+				} else {
+					r.pendingConfIndex = r.raftLog.lastIndex() + uint64(i) + 1
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !r.appendEntry(m.Entries...) {
+			return ErrProposalDropped
+		}
+		r.bcastAppend()
+		return nil
+	case pb.MsgReadIndex:
+		// If more than the local vote is needed, go through a full broadcast,
+		// otherwise optimize.
+		if !r.prs.IsSingleton() {
+			if r.raftLog.zeroTermOnErrCompacted(r.raftLog.term(r.raftLog.committed)) != r.Term {
+				// Reject read only request when this leader has not committed any log entry at its term.
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			// thinking: use an interally defined context instead of the user given context.
+			// We can express this in terms of the term and index instead of a user-supplied value.
+			// This would allow multiple reads to piggyback on the same message.
+			switch r.readOnly.option {
+			case ReadOnlySafe:
+				r.readOnly.addRequest(r.raftLog.committed, m)
+				// The local node automatically acks the request.
+				r.readOnly.recvAck(r.id, m.Entries[0].Data)
+				r.bcastHeartbeatWithCtx(m.Entries[0].Data)
+			case ReadOnlyLeaseBased:
+				ri := r.raftLog.committed
+				if m.From == None || m.From == r.id { // from local member
+					r.readStates = append(r.readStates, ReadState{Index: ri, RequestCtx: m.Entries[0].Data})
+				} else {
+					r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgReadIndexResp, Index: ri, Entries: m.Entries})
+				}
+			}
+		} else { // only one voting member (the leader) in the cluster
+			if m.From == None || m.From == r.id { // from leader itself
+				r.readStates = append(r.readStates, ReadState{Index: r.raftLog.committed, RequestCtx: m.Entries[0].Data})
+			} else { // from learner member
+				r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgReadIndexResp, Index: r.raftLog.committed, Entries: m.Entries})
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// All other message types require a progress for m.From (pr).
+	pr := r.prs.Progress[m.From]
+	if pr == nil {
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x no progress available for %x", r.id, m.From)
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch m.Type {
+	case pb.MsgAppResp:
+		pr.RecentActive = true
+
+		if m.Reject {
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x received MsgAppResp(MsgApp was rejected, lastindex: %d) from %x for index %d",
+				r.id, m.RejectHint, m.From, m.Index)
+			if pr.MaybeDecrTo(m.Index, m.RejectHint) {
+				r.logger.Debugf("%x decreased progress of %x to [%s]", r.id, m.From, pr)
+				if pr.State == tracker.StateReplicate {
+					pr.BecomeProbe()
+				}
+				r.sendAppend(m.From)
+			}
+		} else {
+			oldPaused := pr.IsPaused()
+			if pr.MaybeUpdate(m.Index) {
+				switch {
+				case pr.State == tracker.StateProbe:
+					pr.BecomeReplicate()
+				case pr.State == tracker.StateSnapshot && pr.Match >= pr.PendingSnapshot:
+					// TODO(tbg): we should also enter this branch if a snapshot is
+					// received that is below pr.PendingSnapshot but which makes it
+					// possible to use the log again.
+					r.logger.Debugf("%x recovered from needing snapshot, resumed sending replication messages to %x [%s]", r.id, m.From, pr)
+					// Transition back to replicating state via probing state
+					// (which takes the snapshot into account). If we didn't
+					// move to replicating state, that would only happen with
+					// the next round of appends (but there may not be a next
+					// round for a while, exposing an inconsistent RaftStatus).
+					pr.BecomeProbe()
+					pr.BecomeReplicate()
+				case pr.State == tracker.StateReplicate:
+					pr.Inflights.FreeLE(m.Index)
+				}
+
+				if r.maybeCommit() {
+					r.bcastAppend()
+				} else if oldPaused {
+					// If we were paused before, this node may be missing the
+					// latest commit index, so send it.
+					r.sendAppend(m.From)
+				}
+				// We've updated flow control information above, which may
+				// allow us to send multiple (size-limited) in-flight messages
+				// at once (such as when transitioning from probe to
+				// replicate, or when freeTo() covers multiple messages). If
+				// we have more entries to send, send as many messages as we
+				// can (without sending empty messages for the commit index)
+				for r.maybeSendAppend(m.From, false) {
+				}
+				// Transfer leadership is in progress.
+				if m.From == r.leadTransferee && pr.Match == r.raftLog.lastIndex() {
+					r.logger.Infof("%x sent MsgTimeoutNow to %x after received MsgAppResp", r.id, m.From)
+					r.sendTimeoutNow(m.From)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case pb.MsgHeartbeatResp:
+		pr.RecentActive = true
+		pr.ProbeSent = false
+
+		// free one slot for the full inflights window to allow progress.
+		if pr.State == tracker.StateReplicate && pr.Inflights.Full() {
+			pr.Inflights.FreeFirstOne()
+		}
+		if pr.Match < r.raftLog.lastIndex() {
+			r.sendAppend(m.From)
+		}
+
+		if r.readOnly.option != ReadOnlySafe || len(m.Context) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if r.prs.Voters.VoteResult(r.readOnly.recvAck(m.From, m.Context)) != quorum.VoteWon {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		rss := r.readOnly.advance(m)
+		for _, rs := range rss {
+			req := rs.req
+			if req.From == None || req.From == r.id { // from local member
+				r.readStates = append(r.readStates, ReadState{Index: rs.index, RequestCtx: req.Entries[0].Data})
+			} else {
+				r.send(pb.Message{To: req.From, Type: pb.MsgReadIndexResp, Index: rs.index, Entries: req.Entries})
+			}
+		}
+	case pb.MsgSnapStatus:
+		if pr.State != tracker.StateSnapshot {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// TODO(tbg): this code is very similar to the snapshot handling in
+		// MsgAppResp above. In fact, the code there is more correct than the
+		// code here and should likely be updated to match (or even better, the
+		// logic pulled into a newly created Progress state machine handler).
+		if !m.Reject {
+			pr.BecomeProbe()
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x snapshot succeeded, resumed sending replication messages to %x [%s]", r.id, m.From, pr)
+		} else {
+			// NB: the order here matters or we'll be probing erroneously from
+			// the snapshot index, but the snapshot never applied.
+			pr.PendingSnapshot = 0
+			pr.BecomeProbe()
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x snapshot failed, resumed sending replication messages to %x [%s]", r.id, m.From, pr)
+		}
+		// If snapshot finish, wait for the MsgAppResp from the remote node before sending
+		// out the next MsgApp.
+		// If snapshot failure, wait for a heartbeat interval before next try
+		pr.ProbeSent = true
+	case pb.MsgUnreachable:
+		// During optimistic replication, if the remote becomes unreachable,
+		// there is huge probability that a MsgApp is lost.
+		if pr.State == tracker.StateReplicate {
+			pr.BecomeProbe()
+		}
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x failed to send message to %x because it is unreachable [%s]", r.id, m.From, pr)
+	case pb.MsgTransferLeader:
+		if pr.IsLearner {
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x is learner. Ignored transferring leadership", r.id)
+			return nil
+		}
+		leadTransferee := m.From
+		lastLeadTransferee := r.leadTransferee
+		if lastLeadTransferee != None {
+			if lastLeadTransferee == leadTransferee {
+				r.logger.Infof("%x [term %d] transfer leadership to %x is in progress, ignores request to same node %x",
+					r.id, r.Term, leadTransferee, leadTransferee)
+				return nil
+			}
+			r.abortLeaderTransfer()
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [term %d] abort previous transferring leadership to %x", r.id, r.Term, lastLeadTransferee)
+		}
+		if leadTransferee == r.id {
+			r.logger.Debugf("%x is already leader. Ignored transferring leadership to self", r.id)
+			return nil
+		}
+		// Transfer leadership to third party.
+		r.logger.Infof("%x [term %d] starts to transfer leadership to %x", r.id, r.Term, leadTransferee)
+		// Transfer leadership should be finished in one electionTimeout, so reset r.electionElapsed.
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		r.leadTransferee = leadTransferee
+		if pr.Match == r.raftLog.lastIndex() {
+			r.sendTimeoutNow(leadTransferee)
+			r.logger.Infof("%x sends MsgTimeoutNow to %x immediately as %x already has up-to-date log", r.id, leadTransferee, leadTransferee)
+		} else {
+			r.sendAppend(leadTransferee)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// stepCandidate is shared by StateCandidate and StatePreCandidate; the difference is
+// whether they respond to MsgVoteResp or MsgPreVoteResp.
+func stepCandidate(r *raft, m pb.Message) error {
+	// Only handle vote responses corresponding to our candidacy (while in
+	// StateCandidate, we may get stale MsgPreVoteResp messages in this term from
+	// our pre-candidate state).
+	var myVoteRespType pb.MessageType
+	if r.state == StatePreCandidate {
+		myVoteRespType = pb.MsgPreVoteResp
+	} else {
+		myVoteRespType = pb.MsgVoteResp
+	}
+	switch m.Type {
+	case pb.MsgProp:
+		r.logger.Infof("%x no leader at term %d; dropping proposal", r.id, r.Term)
+		return ErrProposalDropped
+	case pb.MsgApp:
+		r.becomeFollower(m.Term, m.From) // always m.Term == r.Term
+		r.handleAppendEntries(m)
+	case pb.MsgHeartbeat:
+		r.becomeFollower(m.Term, m.From) // always m.Term == r.Term
+		r.handleHeartbeat(m)
+	case pb.MsgSnap:
+		r.becomeFollower(m.Term, m.From) // always m.Term == r.Term
+		r.handleSnapshot(m)
+	case myVoteRespType:
+		gr, rj, res := r.poll(m.From, m.Type, !m.Reject)
+		r.logger.Infof("%x has received %d %s votes and %d vote rejections", r.id, gr, m.Type, rj)
+		switch res {
+		case quorum.VoteWon:
+			if r.state == StatePreCandidate {
+				r.campaign(campaignElection)
+			} else {
+				r.becomeLeader()
+				r.bcastAppend()
+			}
+		case quorum.VoteLost:
+			// pb.MsgPreVoteResp contains future term of pre-candidate
+			// m.Term > r.Term; reuse r.Term
+			r.becomeFollower(r.Term, None)
+		}
+	case pb.MsgTimeoutNow:
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x [term %d state %v] ignored MsgTimeoutNow from %x", r.id, r.Term, r.state, m.From)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func stepFollower(r *raft, m pb.Message) error {
+	switch m.Type {
+	case pb.MsgProp:
+		if r.lead == None {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x no leader at term %d; dropping proposal", r.id, r.Term)
+			return ErrProposalDropped
+		} else if r.disableProposalForwarding {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x not forwarding to leader %x at term %d; dropping proposal", r.id, r.lead, r.Term)
+			return ErrProposalDropped
+		}
+		m.To = r.lead
+		r.send(m)
+	case pb.MsgApp:
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		r.lead = m.From
+		r.handleAppendEntries(m)
+	case pb.MsgHeartbeat:
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		r.lead = m.From
+		r.handleHeartbeat(m)
+	case pb.MsgSnap:
+		r.electionElapsed = 0
+		r.lead = m.From
+		r.handleSnapshot(m)
+	case pb.MsgTransferLeader:
+		if r.lead == None {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x no leader at term %d; dropping leader transfer msg", r.id, r.Term)
+			return nil
+		}
+		m.To = r.lead
+		r.send(m)
+	case pb.MsgTimeoutNow:
+		if r.promotable() {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x [term %d] received MsgTimeoutNow from %x and starts an election to get leadership.", r.id, r.Term, m.From)
+			// Leadership transfers never use pre-vote even if r.preVote is true; we
+			// know we are not recovering from a partition so there is no need for the
+			// extra round trip.
+			r.campaign(campaignTransfer)
+		} else {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x received MsgTimeoutNow from %x but is not promotable", r.id, m.From)
+		}
+	case pb.MsgReadIndex:
+		if r.lead == None {
+			r.logger.Infof("%x no leader at term %d; dropping index reading msg", r.id, r.Term)
+			return nil
+		}
+		m.To = r.lead
+		r.send(m)
+	case pb.MsgReadIndexResp:
+		if len(m.Entries) != 1 {
+			r.logger.Errorf("%x invalid format of MsgReadIndexResp from %x, entries count: %d", r.id, m.From, len(m.Entries))
+			return nil
+		}
+		r.readStates = append(r.readStates, ReadState{Index: m.Index, RequestCtx: m.Entries[0].Data})
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *raft) handleAppendEntries(m pb.Message) {
+	if m.Index < r.raftLog.committed {
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Index: r.raftLog.committed})
+		return
+	}
+
+	if mlastIndex, ok := r.raftLog.maybeAppend(m.Index, m.LogTerm, m.Commit, m.Entries...); ok {
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Index: mlastIndex})
+	} else {
+		r.logger.Debugf("%x [logterm: %d, index: %d] rejected MsgApp [logterm: %d, index: %d] from %x",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.zeroTermOnErrCompacted(r.raftLog.term(m.Index)), m.Index, m.LogTerm, m.Index, m.From)
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Index: m.Index, Reject: true, RejectHint: r.raftLog.lastIndex()})
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *raft) handleHeartbeat(m pb.Message) {
+	r.raftLog.commitTo(m.Commit)
+	r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgHeartbeatResp, Context: m.Context})
+}
+
+func (r *raft) handleSnapshot(m pb.Message) {
+	sindex, sterm := m.Snapshot.Metadata.Index, m.Snapshot.Metadata.Term
+	if r.restore(m.Snapshot) {
+		r.logger.Infof("%x [commit: %d] restored snapshot [index: %d, term: %d]",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.committed, sindex, sterm)
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Index: r.raftLog.lastIndex()})
+	} else {
+		r.logger.Infof("%x [commit: %d] ignored snapshot [index: %d, term: %d]",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.committed, sindex, sterm)
+		r.send(pb.Message{To: m.From, Type: pb.MsgAppResp, Index: r.raftLog.committed})
+	}
+}
+
+// restore recovers the state machine from a snapshot. It restores the log and the
+// configuration of state machine. If this method returns false, the snapshot was
+// ignored, either because it was obsolete or because of an error.
+func (r *raft) restore(s pb.Snapshot) bool {
+	if s.Metadata.Index <= r.raftLog.committed {
+		return false
+	}
+	if r.state != StateFollower {
+		// This is defense-in-depth: if the leader somehow ended up applying a
+		// snapshot, it could move into a new term without moving into a
+		// follower state. This should never fire, but if it did, we'd have
+		// prevented damage by returning early, so log only a loud warning.
+		//
+		// At the time of writing, the instance is guaranteed to be in follower
+		// state when this method is called.
+		r.logger.Warningf("%x attempted to restore snapshot as leader; should never happen", r.id)
+		r.becomeFollower(r.Term+1, None)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// More defense-in-depth: throw away snapshot if recipient is not in the
+	// config. This shouldn't ever happen (at the time of writing) but lots of
+	// code here and there assumes that r.id is in the progress tracker.
+	found := false
+	cs := s.Metadata.ConfState
+	for _, set := range [][]uint64{
+		cs.Voters,
+		cs.Learners,
+	} {
+		for _, id := range set {
+			if id == r.id {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		r.logger.Warningf(
+			"%x attempted to restore snapshot but it is not in the ConfState %v; should never happen",
+			r.id, cs,
+		)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Now go ahead and actually restore.
+
+	if r.raftLog.matchTerm(s.Metadata.Index, s.Metadata.Term) {
+		r.logger.Infof("%x [commit: %d, lastindex: %d, lastterm: %d] fast-forwarded commit to snapshot [index: %d, term: %d]",
+			r.id, r.raftLog.committed, r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.raftLog.lastTerm(), s.Metadata.Index, s.Metadata.Term)
+		r.raftLog.commitTo(s.Metadata.Index)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	r.raftLog.restore(s)
+
+	// Reset the configuration and add the (potentially updated) peers in anew.
+	r.prs = tracker.MakeProgressTracker(r.prs.MaxInflight)
+	cfg, prs, err := confchange.Restore(confchange.Changer{
+		Tracker:   r.prs,
+		LastIndex: r.raftLog.lastIndex(),
+	}, cs)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		// This should never happen. Either there's a bug in our config change
+		// handling or the client corrupted the conf change.
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unable to restore config %+v: %s", cs, err))
+	}
+
+	assertConfStatesEquivalent(r.logger, cs, r.switchToConfig(cfg, prs))
+
+	pr := r.prs.Progress[r.id]
+	pr.MaybeUpdate(pr.Next - 1) // TODO(tbg): this is untested and likely unneeded
+
+	r.logger.Infof("%x [commit: %d, lastindex: %d, lastterm: %d] restored snapshot [index: %d, term: %d]",
+		r.id, r.raftLog.committed, r.raftLog.lastIndex(), r.raftLog.lastTerm(), s.Metadata.Index, s.Metadata.Term)
+	return true
+}
+
+// promotable indicates whether state machine can be promoted to leader,
+// which is true when its own id is in progress list.
+func (r *raft) promotable() bool {
+	pr := r.prs.Progress[r.id]
+	return pr != nil && !pr.IsLearner
+}
+
+func (r *raft) applyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChangeV2) pb.ConfState {
+	cfg, prs, err := func() (tracker.Config, tracker.ProgressMap, error) {
+		changer := confchange.Changer{
+			Tracker:   r.prs,
+			LastIndex: r.raftLog.lastIndex(),
+		}
+		if cc.LeaveJoint() {
+			return changer.LeaveJoint()
+		} else if autoLeave, ok := cc.EnterJoint(); ok {
+			return changer.EnterJoint(autoLeave, cc.Changes...)
+		}
+		return changer.Simple(cc.Changes...)
+	}()
+
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO(tbg): return the error to the caller.
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return r.switchToConfig(cfg, prs)
+}
+
+// switchToConfig reconfigures this node to use the provided configuration. It
+// updates the in-memory state and, when necessary, carries out additional
+// actions such as reacting to the removal of nodes or changed quorum
+// requirements.
+//
+// The inputs usually result from restoring a ConfState or applying a ConfChange.
+func (r *raft) switchToConfig(cfg tracker.Config, prs tracker.ProgressMap) pb.ConfState {
+	r.prs.Config = cfg
+	r.prs.Progress = prs
+
+	r.logger.Infof("%x switched to configuration %s", r.id, r.prs.Config)
+	cs := r.prs.ConfState()
+	pr, ok := r.prs.Progress[r.id]
+
+	// Update whether the node itself is a learner, resetting to false when the
+	// node is removed.
+	r.isLearner = ok && pr.IsLearner
+
+	if (!ok || r.isLearner) && r.state == StateLeader {
+		// This node is leader and was removed or demoted. We prevent demotions
+		// at the time writing but hypothetically we handle them the same way as
+		// removing the leader: stepping down into the next Term.
+		//
+		// TODO(tbg): step down (for sanity) and ask follower with largest Match
+		// to TimeoutNow (to avoid interruption). This might still drop some
+		// proposals but it's better than nothing.
+		//
+		// TODO(tbg): test this branch. It is untested at the time of writing.
+		return cs
+	}
+
+	// The remaining steps only make sense if this node is the leader and there
+	// are other nodes.
+	if r.state != StateLeader || len(cs.Voters) == 0 {
+		return cs
+	}
+
+	if r.maybeCommit() {
+		// If the configuration change means that more entries are committed now,
+		// broadcast/append to everyone in the updated config.
+		r.bcastAppend()
+	} else {
+		// Otherwise, still probe the newly added replicas; there's no reason to
+		// let them wait out a heartbeat interval (or the next incoming
+		// proposal).
+		r.prs.Visit(func(id uint64, pr *tracker.Progress) {
+			r.maybeSendAppend(id, false /* sendIfEmpty */)
+		})
+	}
+	// If the the leadTransferee was removed, abort the leadership transfer.
+	if _, tOK := r.prs.Progress[r.leadTransferee]; !tOK && r.leadTransferee != 0 {
+		r.abortLeaderTransfer()
+	}
+
+	return cs
+}
+
+func (r *raft) loadState(state pb.HardState) {
+	if state.Commit < r.raftLog.committed || state.Commit > r.raftLog.lastIndex() {
+		r.logger.Panicf("%x state.commit %d is out of range [%d, %d]", r.id, state.Commit, r.raftLog.committed, r.raftLog.lastIndex())
+	}
+	r.raftLog.committed = state.Commit
+	r.Term = state.Term
+	r.Vote = state.Vote
+}
+
+// pastElectionTimeout returns true iff r.electionElapsed is greater
+// than or equal to the randomized election timeout in
+// [electiontimeout, 2 * electiontimeout - 1].
+func (r *raft) pastElectionTimeout() bool {
+	return r.electionElapsed >= r.randomizedElectionTimeout
+}
+
+func (r *raft) resetRandomizedElectionTimeout() {
+	r.randomizedElectionTimeout = r.electionTimeout + globalRand.Intn(r.electionTimeout)
+}
+
+func (r *raft) sendTimeoutNow(to uint64) {
+	r.send(pb.Message{To: to, Type: pb.MsgTimeoutNow})
+}
+
+func (r *raft) abortLeaderTransfer() {
+	r.leadTransferee = None
+}
+
+// increaseUncommittedSize computes the size of the proposed entries and
+// determines whether they would push leader over its maxUncommittedSize limit.
+// If the new entries would exceed the limit, the method returns false. If not,
+// the increase in uncommitted entry size is recorded and the method returns
+// true.
+func (r *raft) increaseUncommittedSize(ents []pb.Entry) bool {
+	var s uint64
+	for _, e := range ents {
+		s += uint64(PayloadSize(e))
+	}
+
+	if r.uncommittedSize > 0 && r.uncommittedSize+s > r.maxUncommittedSize {
+		// If the uncommitted tail of the Raft log is empty, allow any size
+		// proposal. Otherwise, limit the size of the uncommitted tail of the
+		// log and drop any proposal that would push the size over the limit.
+		return false
+	}
+	r.uncommittedSize += s
+	return true
+}
+
+// reduceUncommittedSize accounts for the newly committed entries by decreasing
+// the uncommitted entry size limit.
+func (r *raft) reduceUncommittedSize(ents []pb.Entry) {
+	if r.uncommittedSize == 0 {
+		// Fast-path for followers, who do not track or enforce the limit.
+		return
+	}
+
+	var s uint64
+	for _, e := range ents {
+		s += uint64(PayloadSize(e))
+	}
+	if s > r.uncommittedSize {
+		// uncommittedSize may underestimate the size of the uncommitted Raft
+		// log tail but will never overestimate it. Saturate at 0 instead of
+		// allowing overflow.
+		r.uncommittedSize = 0
+	} else {
+		r.uncommittedSize -= s
+	}
+}
+
+func numOfPendingConf(ents []pb.Entry) int {
+	n := 0
+	for i := range ents {
+		if ents[i].Type == pb.EntryConfChange {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}