.. SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Open Networking Foundation <info@opennetworking.org>
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

.. _architecture_design:

Architecture and Design
=======================

Architecture
------------

Classic SDN
^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric operates as a hybrid L2/L3 fabric. As a pure (or classic) SDN solution, SD-Fabric does
not use any of the traditional control protocols typically found in networking, a non-exhaustive
list of which includes: STP, MSTP, RSTP, LACP, MLAG, PIM, IGMP, OSPF, IS-IS, Trill, RSVP, LDP
and BGP. Instead, SD-Fabric uses an SDN Controller (ONOS) decoupled from the data plane
hardware to directly program ASIC forwarding tables in a pipeline defined by a P4 program. In
this design, a set of applications running on ONOS program all the fabric functionality and
features, such as Ethernet switching, IP routing, mobile core user plane, multicast, DHCP Relay,
and more.


Topologies
^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric supports a number of different topological variants. In its simplest instantiation, one
could use a single leaf or a leaf-pair to connect servers, external routers, and other equipment
like access nodes or physical appliances (PNFs). Such a deployment can also be scaled
horizontally into a leaf-and-spine fabric (2-level folded Clos), by adding 2 or 4 spines and up to
10 leaves in single or paired configurations. Further scale can be achieved by distributing the
fabric itself across geographical regions, with spine switches in a primary central location,
connected to other spines in multiple secondary (remote) locations using WDM links. Such 4-level
topologies (leaf-spine-spine-leaf) can be used for backhaul in operator networks, where
the secondary locations are deeper in the network and closer to the end-user. In these
configurations, the spines in the secondary locations serve as aggregation devices that backhaul
traffic from the access nodes to the primary location which typically has the facilities for compute
and storage for NFV applications.
See :ref:`Topology` for details.


Redundancy
^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric supports redundancy at every level. A leaf-spine fabric is redundant by design in the
spine layer, with the use of ECMP hashing and multiple spines. In addition, SD-Fabric supports
leaf pairs, where servers and external routers can be dual-homed to two ToRs in an active-active
configuration. In the control plane, some SDN solutions use single instance controllers, which are
single points of failure. Others use two controllers in active backup mode, which is redundant,
but may lack scale as all the work is still being done by one instance at any time and scale can
never exceed the capacity of one server. In contrast, SD-Fabric is based on ONOS, an SDN
controller that offers N-way redundancy and scale. An ONOS cluster with 3 or 5 instances are all
active nodes doing work simultaneously, and failure handling is fully automated and completely
handled by the ONOS platform.

.. image:: images/arch-redundancy.png
  :width: 350px

MPLS Segment Routing (SR)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While SR is not an externally supported feature, SD-Fabric architecture internally uses concepts
like globally significant MPLS labels that are assigned to each leaf and spine switch. The leaf
switches push an MPLS label designating the destination ToR (leaf) onto the IPv4 or IPv6 traffic,
before hashing the flows to the spines. In turn, the spines forward the traffic solely on the basis
of the MPLS labels. This design concept, popular in IP/MPLS WAN networks, has significant
advantages. Since the spines only maintain label state, it leads to significantly less programming
burden and better scale. For example, in one use case the leaf switches may each hold 100K+
IPv4/v6 routes, while the spine switches need to be programmed with only 10s of labels! As a
result, completely different ASICs can be used for the leaf and spine switches; the leaves can
have bigger routing tables and deeper buffers while sacrificing switching capacity, while the
spines can have smaller tables with high switching capacity.

Beyond Traditional Fabrics
--------------------------

.. image:: images/arch-features.png
  :width: 700px

While SD-Fabric offers advancements that go well beyond traditional fabrics, it is first helpful to
understand that SD-Fabric provides all the features found in network fabrics from traditional
networking vendors in order to make SD-Fabric compatible with all existing infrastructure
(servers, applications, etc.).

At its core, SD-Fabric is a L3 fabric where both IPv4 and IPv6 packets are routed across server
racks using multiple equal-cost paths via spine switches. L2 bridging and VLANs are also
supported within each server rack, and compute nodes can be dual-homed to two Top-of-Rack
(ToR) switches in an active-active configuration (M-LAG). SD-Fabric assumes that the fabric
connects to the public Internet and the public cloud (or other networks) via traditional router(s).
SD-Fabric supports a number of other router features like static routes, multicast, DHCP L3 Relay
and the use of ACLs based on layer 2/3/4 options to drop traffic at ingress or redirect traffic via
Policy Based Routing. But SDN control greatly simplifies the software running on each switch,
and control is moved into SDN applications running in the edge cloud.

While these traditional switching/routing features are not particularly novel, SD-Fabric's
fundamental embrace of programmable silicon offers advantages that go far beyond traditional
fabrics.

Programmable Data Planes & P4
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric's data plane is fully programmable. In marked contrast to traditional fabrics, features
are not prescribed by switch vendors. This is made possible by P4, a high-level programming
language used to define the switch packet processing pipeline, which can be compiled to run at
line-rate on programmable ASICs like Intel Tofino (see https://opennetworking.org/p4/). P4
allows operators to continuously evolve their network infrastructure by re-programming the
existing switches, rolling out new features and services on a weekly basis. In contrast, traditional
fabrics based on fixed-function ASICs are subject to extremely long hardware development
cycles (4 years on average) and require expensive infrastructure upgrades to support new features.

SD-Fabric takes advantage of P4 programmability by extending the traditional L2/L3 pipeline for
switching and routing with specialized functions such as 4G/5G Mobile Core User Plane Function
(UPF) and Inband Network Telemetry (INT).

4G/5G Mobile Core User Plane Function (UPF)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Switches in SD-Fabric can be programmed to perform UPF functions at line rate. The L2/L3
packet processing pipeline running on Intel Tofino switches has been extended to include
capabilities such as GTP-U tunnel termination, usage reporting, idle-mode buffering, QoS, slicing,
and more. Similar to vRouter, a new ONOS app abstracts the whole leaf-spine fabric as one big
UPF, providing integration with the mobile core control plane using a 3GPP-compliant
implementation of the Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP).

With integrated UPF processing, SD-Fabric can implement a 4G/5G local breakout for edge
applications that is multi-terabit and low-latency, without taking away CPU processing power for
containers or VMs. In contrast to UPF solutions based on full or partial smartNIC offload,
SD-Fabric's embedded UPF does not require additional hardware other than the same leaf and spine
switches used to interconnect servers and base stations. At the same time, SD-Fabric can be
integrated with both CPU-based or smartNIC-based UPFs to improve scale while supporting
differentiated services on a hardware-based fast-path at line rate for mission critical 4G/5G
applications (see https://opennetworking.org/sd-core/ for more details).

Visibility with Inband Network Telemetry (INT)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric comes with scalable support for INT, providing unprecedented visibility into how
individual packets are processed by the fabric. To this end, the P4-defined switch pipeline has
been extended with the ability to generate INT reports for a number of packet events and
anomalies, for example:

- For each flow (5-tuple), it produces periodic reports to monitor the path in terms of which
  switches, ports, queues, and end-to-end latency is introduced by each network hop
  (switch).
- If a packet gets dropped, it generates a report carrying the switch ID and the drop reason
  (e.g., routing table miss, TTL zero, queue congestion, and more).
- During congestion, it produces reports to reconstruct a snapshot of the queue at a given
  time, making it possible to identify exactly which flow is causing delay or drops to other flows.
- For GTP-U tunnels, it produces reports about the inner flow, thus monitoring the
  forwarding behavior and perceived QoS for individual UE flows.

SD-Fabric's INT implementation is compliant with the open source INT specification, and it has
been validated to work with Intel's DeepInsight performance monitoring solution, which acts as
the collector of INT reports generated by switches. Moreover, to avoid overloading the INT
collector and to minimize the overhead of INT reports in the fabric, SD-Fabric's data plane uses
P4 to implement smart filters and triggers that drastically reduce the number of reports
generated, for example, by filtering out duplicates and by triggering report generation only in
case of meaningful anomalies (e.g., spikes in hop latency, path changes, drops, queue congestion,
etc.). In contrast to other sampling-based approaches which often allow some anomalies to go
undetected, SD-Fabric provides precise INT-based visibility that can scale to millions of flows.

Flexible ASIC Resource Allocation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The P4 program at the base of SD-Fabric's software stack defines match-action tables for
common L2/L3 features such as bridging, IPv4/IPv6 routing, MPLS termination, and ACL, as well
as specialized features like UPF, with tables that store GTP-U tunnel information and more. In
contrast to fixed-function ASICs used in traditional fabrics, table sizes are not fixed. The use of
programmable ASICs like Intel Tofino in SD-Fabric enables the P4 program to be adapted to
specific deployment requirements. For example, for routing-heavy deployments, one could
decide to increase the IPv4 routing table to take up to 90% of the total ASIC memory, with an
arbitrary ratio of longest-prefix match (LPM) entries and exact match /32 entries, while reducing
the size of other tables. Similarly, when using SD-Fabric for UPF, one could decide to recompile
the P4 program with larger GTP-U tunnel tables, while reducing the IPv4 routing table size to
10-100 entries (since most traffic is tunneled) or by entirely removing the IPv6 tables.

Closed Loop Control
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
With complete transparency, visibility, and verifiability, SD-Fabric becomes capable of being
optimized and secured through programmatic real-time closed loop control. By defining specific
acceptable tolerances for specific settings, measuring for compliance, and automatically adapting
to deviations, a closed loop network can be created that dynamically and automatically responds
to environmental changes. We can apply closed loop control for a variety of use cases including
resource optimization (traffic engineering), verification (forwarding behavior), security (DDoS
mitigation), and others. In particular, in collaboration with the Pronto™ project, a microburst
mitigation mechanism has been implemented in order to stop attackers from filling up switch
queues in an attack attempting to disrupt mission critical traffic.

SDN, White Boxes, and Open Source
SD-Fabric is based on a purist implementation of SDN in both control and data planes. When
coupled with open source, this approach enables faster development of features and greater
flexibility for operators to deploy only what they need and customize/optimize the features the
way they want. Furthermore, SDN facilitates the centralized configuration of all network
functionality, and allows network monitoring and troubleshooting to be centralized as well. Both
are significant benefits over traditional box-by-box networking and enable faster deployments,
simplified operations, and streamlined troubleshooting.

The use of white box (bare metal) switching hardware from ODMs significantly reduces CapEx
costs when compared to products from OEM vendors. By some accounts, the cost savings can
be as high as 60%. This is typically due to the OEM vendors amortizing the cost of developing
embedded switch/router software into the price of their hardware.

Finally, open source software allows network operators to develop their own applications and
choose how they integrate with their backend systems. And open source is considered more
secure, with ‘many eyes’ making it much harder for backdoors to be intentionally or
unintentionally introduced into the network.

Such unfettered ability to control timelines, features and costs compared to traditional network
fabrics makes SD-Fabric very attractive for operators, enterprises, and government applications.

Extensible APIs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
People usually think of a network fabric as an opaque pipe where applications send packets into
the network and hope they come out the other side. Little visibility is provided to determine
where things have gone wrong when a packet doesn't make it to its destination. Network
applications have no knowledge of how the packets are handled by the fabric.

With the SD-Fabric API, network applications have full visibility and control over how their
packets are processed. For example, a delay-sensitive application has the option to be informed
of the network latency and instruct the fabric to redirect its packet when there is congestion on
the current forwarding path. Similarly, the API offers a way to associate network traffic with a
network slice, providing QoS guarantees and traffic isolation from other slices. The API also plays
a critical role in closed loop control by offering a programmatic way to dynamically change the
packet forwarding behavior.

At a high level, SD-Fabric's APIs fall into four major categories: configuration, information,
control, and OAM.

- Configuration: APIs let users set up SD-Fabric features such as VLAN information for
  bridging and subnet information for routing.
- Information: APIs allow users to obtain operation status, metrics, and network events
  of SD-Fabric, such as link congestion, counters, and port status.
- Control: APIs enable users to dynamically change the forwarding behavior of the
  fabric, such as drop or redirect the traffic, setting QoS classification, and applying
  network slicing policies.
- OAM: APIs expose operational and management features, such as software upgrade
  and troubleshooting, allowing SD-Fabric to be integrated with existing orchestration
  systems and workflows.

Edge-Cloud Ready
----------------
SD-Fabric adopts cloud native technologies and methodologies that are well developed and
widely used in the computing world. Cloud native technologies make the deployment and
operation of SD-Fabric similar to other software deployed in a cloud environment.

Kubernetes Integration
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Both control plane software (ONOS™ and apps) and, importantly, data plane software (Stratum™),
are containerized and deployed as Kubernetes services in SD-Fabric. In other words, not only the
servers but also the switching hardware identify as Kubernetes ‘nodes’ and the same processes
can be used to manage the lifecycle of both control and data plane containers. For example, Helm
charts can be used for installing and configuring images for both, while Kubernetes monitors the
health of all containers and restarts failed instances on servers and switches alike.

.. image:: images/arch-k8s.png
  :width: 500px

Configuration, Logging, and Troubleshooting
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric reads all configurations from a single repository and automatically applies appropriate
config to the relevant components. In contrast to traditional embedded networking, there is no
need for network operators to go through the error-prone process of configuring individual leaf
and spine switches. Similarly, logs of each component in SD-Fabric are streamed to an EFK stack
(ElasticSearch, Fluentbit, Kibana) for log preservation, filtering and analysis. SD-Fabric offers a
single-pane-of-glass for logging and troubleshooting network state, which can further be
integrated with operator's backend systems

.. image:: images/arch-logging.png
  :width: 1000px


Monitoring and Alerts
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric continuously monitors system metrics such as bandwidth utilization and connectivity
health. These metrics are streamed to Prometheus and Grafana for data aggregation and
visualization. Additionally, alerts are triggered when metrics meet predefined conditions. This
allows the operators to react to certain network events such as bandwidth saturation even before
the issue starts to disrupt user traffic.

.. image:: images/arch-monitoring.png
  :width: 1000px

Deployment Automation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric utilizes a CI/CD model to manage the lifecycle of the software, allowing developers to
make rapid iterations when introducing a new feature. New container images are generated
automatically when new versions are released. Once the hardware is in place, a complete
deployment of the entire SD-Fabric stack can be pushed from the public cloud with a single click
fabric-wide in less than two minutes.

.. image:: images/arch-deployment.png
  :width: 900px

Aether™-Ready
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric fits into a variety of edge use cases. Aether is ONF's private 5G/LTE enterprise edge
cloud platform, currently running in a dozen sites across multiple geographies as of early 2021.

Aether consists of several edge clouds deployed at enterprise sites controlled and managed by a
central cloud. Each Aether Edge hosts third-party or in-house edge apps that benefit from low
latency and high bandwidth connectivity to the local devices and systems at the enterprise edge.
Each edge also hosts O-RAN compliant private-RAN control, IoT, and AI/ML platforms, and
terminates mobile user plane traffic by providing local breakout (UPF) at the edge sites. In
contrast, the Aether management platform centrally runs the shared mobile-core control plane
that supports all edges from the public cloud. Additionally, from a public cloud a management
portal for the operator and for each enterprise is provided, and Runtime Operation Control (ROC)
controls and configures the entire Aether solution in a centralized manner.

SD-Fabric has been fully integrated into the Aether Edge as its underlying network infrastructure,
interconnecting all hardware equipment in each edge site such as servers and disaggregated RAN
components with bridging, routing, and advanced processing like local breakout. It is worth
noting that SD-Fabric can be configured and orchestrated via its configuration APIs by cloud
solutions, and therefore can be easily integrated with Aether or third party cloud offerings from
hyperscalers. In Aether, SD-Fabric configurations are centralized, modeled, and generated by
ROC to ensure the fabric configurations are consistent with other Aether components.

In addition to connectivity, SD-Fabric supports a number of advanced services such as
hierarchical QoS, network slicing, and UPF idle-mode buffering. And given its native support for
programmability, we expect many more innovative services to take advantage of SD-Fabric over
time.

.. image:: images/arch-aether-ready.png
  :width: 800px

System Components
-----------------

.. image:: images/arch-software-stack.png
  :width: 400px

Open Network Operating System (ONOS)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric uses ONF's Open Network Operating System (ONOS) as the SDN controller. ONOS is
designed as a distributed system, composed of multiple instances operating in a cluster, with all
instances actively operating on the network while being functionally identical. This unique
capability of ONOS simultaneously affords high availability and horizontal scaling of the control
plane. ONOS interacts with the network devices by means of pluggable southbound interfaces.
In particular, SD-Fabric leverages P4Runtime™ for programming and gNMI for configuring
certain features (such as port speed) in the fabric switches. Like other SDN controllers, ONOS
provides several core services like topology discovery and end point discovery (hosts, routers,
etc. attached to the fabric). Unlike any other open source SDN controller, ONOS delivers these
core services in a distributed way over the entire cluster, such that applications running in any
instance of the controller have the same view and information.

ONOS Applications
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric uses a collection of applications that run on ONOS to provide the fabric features and
services. The main application responsible for fabric operation handles connectivity features
according to SD-Fabric architecture, while other apps like DHCP relay, AAA, UPF control, and
multicast handle more specialized features. Importantly, SD-Fabric uses the ONOS Flow Objective
API, which allows applications to program switching devices in a pipeline-agnostic
way. By using Flow-Objectives, applications can be written without worrying about low-level
pipeline details of various switching chips. The API is implemented by specific device drivers
that are aware of the pipelines they serve and can thus convert the application's API calls to
device-specific rules. In this way, the application can be written once, and adapted to pipelines
from different ASIC vendors.

Stratum
^^^^^^^
SD-Fabric integrates switch software from the ONF Stratum project. Stratum is an open source
silicon-independent switch operating system. Stratum implements the latest SDN-centric
northbound interfaces, including P4, P4Runtime, gNMI/OpenConfig, and gNOI, thereby enabling
interchangeability of forwarding devices and programmability of forwarding behaviors. On the
southbound interface, Stratum implements silicon-dependent adapters supporting network
ASICs such as Intel Tofino, Broadcom™ XGS® line, and others.

Leaf and Spine Switch Hardware
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In a typical configuration, the leaf and spine hardware used in SD-Fabric are typically Open
Compute Project (OCP)™ certified switches from a selection of different ODM vendors. The port
configurations and ASICs used in these switches are dependent on operator needs. For example,
if the need is only for traditional fabric features, a number of options are possible – e.g., Broadcom
StrataXGS ASICs in 48x1G/10G, 32x40G/100G configurations. For advanced needs that take
advantage of P4 and programmable ASICs, Intel Tofino or Broadcom Trident 4 are more
appropriate choices.

ONL and ONIE
^^^^^^^^^^^^
The SD-Fabric switch software stack includes Open Network Linux (ONL) and Open Network
Install Environment (ONIE) from OCP. The switches are shipped with ONIE, a boot loader that
enables the installation of the target OS as part of the provisioning process. ONL, a Linux
distribution for bare metal switches, is used as the base operating system. It ships with a number
of additional drivers for bare metal switch hardware elements (e.g., LEDs, SFPs) that are typically
unavailable in normal Linux distributions for bare metal servers (e.g., Ubuntu).

Docker/Kubernetes, Elasticsearch/Fluentbit/Kibana, Prometheus/Grafana
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While ONOS/Stratum instances can be deployed natively on bare metal servers/switches, there
are advantages in deploying ONOS/Stratum instances as containers and using a container
management system like Kubernetes (K8s). In particular, K8s can monitor and automatically
reboot lost controller instances (container pods), which then rejoin the operating cluster
seamlessly. SD-Fabric also utilizes widely adopted cloud native technologies such as
Elastic/Fluentbit/Kibana for log preservation, filtering and analysis, and Prometheus/Grafana for
metric monitoring and alert.