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// Copyright 2015 The etcd Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package backend
import (
"fmt"
"hash/crc32"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
bolt "github.com/coreos/bbolt"
"github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog"
)
var (
defaultBatchLimit = 10000
defaultBatchInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
defragLimit = 10000
// initialMmapSize is the initial size of the mmapped region. Setting this larger than
// the potential max db size can prevent writer from blocking reader.
// This only works for linux.
initialMmapSize = uint64(10 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
plog = capnslog.NewPackageLogger("github.com/coreos/etcd", "mvcc/backend")
// minSnapshotWarningTimeout is the minimum threshold to trigger a long running snapshot warning.
minSnapshotWarningTimeout = time.Duration(30 * time.Second)
)
type Backend interface {
ReadTx() ReadTx
BatchTx() BatchTx
Snapshot() Snapshot
Hash(ignores map[IgnoreKey]struct{}) (uint32, error)
// Size returns the current size of the backend.
Size() int64
// SizeInUse returns the current size of the backend logically in use.
// Since the backend can manage free space in a non-byte unit such as
// number of pages, the returned value can be not exactly accurate in bytes.
SizeInUse() int64
Defrag() error
ForceCommit()
Close() error
}
type Snapshot interface {
// Size gets the size of the snapshot.
Size() int64
// WriteTo writes the snapshot into the given writer.
WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error)
// Close closes the snapshot.
Close() error
}
type backend struct {
// size and commits are used with atomic operations so they must be
// 64-bit aligned, otherwise 32-bit tests will crash
// size is the number of bytes in the backend
size int64
// sizeInUse is the number of bytes actually used in the backend
sizeInUse int64
// commits counts number of commits since start
commits int64
mu sync.RWMutex
db *bolt.DB
batchInterval time.Duration
batchLimit int
batchTx *batchTxBuffered
readTx *readTx
stopc chan struct{}
donec chan struct{}
}
type BackendConfig struct {
// Path is the file path to the backend file.
Path string
// BatchInterval is the maximum time before flushing the BatchTx.
BatchInterval time.Duration
// BatchLimit is the maximum puts before flushing the BatchTx.
BatchLimit int
// MmapSize is the number of bytes to mmap for the backend.
MmapSize uint64
}
func DefaultBackendConfig() BackendConfig {
return BackendConfig{
BatchInterval: defaultBatchInterval,
BatchLimit: defaultBatchLimit,
MmapSize: initialMmapSize,
}
}
func New(bcfg BackendConfig) Backend {
return newBackend(bcfg)
}
func NewDefaultBackend(path string) Backend {
bcfg := DefaultBackendConfig()
bcfg.Path = path
return newBackend(bcfg)
}
func newBackend(bcfg BackendConfig) *backend {
bopts := &bolt.Options{}
if boltOpenOptions != nil {
*bopts = *boltOpenOptions
}
bopts.InitialMmapSize = bcfg.mmapSize()
db, err := bolt.Open(bcfg.Path, 0600, bopts)
if err != nil {
plog.Panicf("cannot open database at %s (%v)", bcfg.Path, err)
}
// In future, may want to make buffering optional for low-concurrency systems
// or dynamically swap between buffered/non-buffered depending on workload.
b := &backend{
db: db,
batchInterval: bcfg.BatchInterval,
batchLimit: bcfg.BatchLimit,
readTx: &readTx{
buf: txReadBuffer{
txBuffer: txBuffer{make(map[string]*bucketBuffer)},
},
buckets: make(map[string]*bolt.Bucket),
},
stopc: make(chan struct{}),
donec: make(chan struct{}),
}
b.batchTx = newBatchTxBuffered(b)
go b.run()
return b
}
// BatchTx returns the current batch tx in coalescer. The tx can be used for read and
// write operations. The write result can be retrieved within the same tx immediately.
// The write result is isolated with other txs until the current one get committed.
func (b *backend) BatchTx() BatchTx {
return b.batchTx
}
func (b *backend) ReadTx() ReadTx { return b.readTx }
// ForceCommit forces the current batching tx to commit.
func (b *backend) ForceCommit() {
b.batchTx.Commit()
}
func (b *backend) Snapshot() Snapshot {
b.batchTx.Commit()
b.mu.RLock()
defer b.mu.RUnlock()
tx, err := b.db.Begin(false)
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot begin tx (%s)", err)
}
stopc, donec := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
dbBytes := tx.Size()
go func() {
defer close(donec)
// sendRateBytes is based on transferring snapshot data over a 1 gigabit/s connection
// assuming a min tcp throughput of 100MB/s.
var sendRateBytes int64 = 100 * 1024 * 1014
warningTimeout := time.Duration(int64((float64(dbBytes) / float64(sendRateBytes)) * float64(time.Second)))
if warningTimeout < minSnapshotWarningTimeout {
warningTimeout = minSnapshotWarningTimeout
}
start := time.Now()
ticker := time.NewTicker(warningTimeout)
defer ticker.Stop()
for {
select {
case <-ticker.C:
plog.Warningf("snapshotting is taking more than %v seconds to finish transferring %v MB [started at %v]", time.Since(start).Seconds(), float64(dbBytes)/float64(1024*1014), start)
case <-stopc:
snapshotDurations.Observe(time.Since(start).Seconds())
return
}
}
}()
return &snapshot{tx, stopc, donec}
}
type IgnoreKey struct {
Bucket string
Key string
}
func (b *backend) Hash(ignores map[IgnoreKey]struct{}) (uint32, error) {
h := crc32.New(crc32.MakeTable(crc32.Castagnoli))
b.mu.RLock()
defer b.mu.RUnlock()
err := b.db.View(func(tx *bolt.Tx) error {
c := tx.Cursor()
for next, _ := c.First(); next != nil; next, _ = c.Next() {
b := tx.Bucket(next)
if b == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("cannot get hash of bucket %s", string(next))
}
h.Write(next)
b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
bk := IgnoreKey{Bucket: string(next), Key: string(k)}
if _, ok := ignores[bk]; !ok {
h.Write(k)
h.Write(v)
}
return nil
})
}
return nil
})
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
return h.Sum32(), nil
}
func (b *backend) Size() int64 {
return atomic.LoadInt64(&b.size)
}
func (b *backend) SizeInUse() int64 {
return atomic.LoadInt64(&b.sizeInUse)
}
func (b *backend) run() {
defer close(b.donec)
t := time.NewTimer(b.batchInterval)
defer t.Stop()
for {
select {
case <-t.C:
case <-b.stopc:
b.batchTx.CommitAndStop()
return
}
b.batchTx.Commit()
t.Reset(b.batchInterval)
}
}
func (b *backend) Close() error {
close(b.stopc)
<-b.donec
return b.db.Close()
}
// Commits returns total number of commits since start
func (b *backend) Commits() int64 {
return atomic.LoadInt64(&b.commits)
}
func (b *backend) Defrag() error {
return b.defrag()
}
func (b *backend) defrag() error {
now := time.Now()
// TODO: make this non-blocking?
// lock batchTx to ensure nobody is using previous tx, and then
// close previous ongoing tx.
b.batchTx.Lock()
defer b.batchTx.Unlock()
// lock database after lock tx to avoid deadlock.
b.mu.Lock()
defer b.mu.Unlock()
// block concurrent read requests while resetting tx
b.readTx.mu.Lock()
defer b.readTx.mu.Unlock()
b.batchTx.unsafeCommit(true)
b.batchTx.tx = nil
// Create a temporary file to ensure we start with a clean slate.
// Snapshotter.cleanupSnapdir cleans up any of these that are found during startup.
dir := filepath.Dir(b.db.Path())
temp, err := ioutil.TempFile(dir, "db.tmp.*")
if err != nil {
return err
}
options := bolt.Options{}
if boltOpenOptions != nil {
options = *boltOpenOptions
}
options.OpenFile = func(path string, i int, mode os.FileMode) (file *os.File, err error) {
return temp, nil
}
tdbp := temp.Name()
tmpdb, err := bolt.Open(tdbp, 0600, &options)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// gofail: var defragBeforeCopy struct{}
err = defragdb(b.db, tmpdb, defragLimit)
if err != nil {
tmpdb.Close()
if rmErr := os.RemoveAll(tmpdb.Path()); rmErr != nil {
plog.Fatalf("failed to remove db.tmp after defragmentation completed: %v", rmErr)
}
return err
}
dbp := b.db.Path()
err = b.db.Close()
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot close database (%s)", err)
}
err = tmpdb.Close()
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot close database (%s)", err)
}
// gofail: var defragBeforeRename struct{}
err = os.Rename(tdbp, dbp)
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot rename database (%s)", err)
}
b.db, err = bolt.Open(dbp, 0600, boltOpenOptions)
if err != nil {
plog.Panicf("cannot open database at %s (%v)", dbp, err)
}
b.batchTx.tx, err = b.db.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot begin tx (%s)", err)
}
b.readTx.reset()
b.readTx.tx = b.unsafeBegin(false)
size := b.readTx.tx.Size()
db := b.db
atomic.StoreInt64(&b.size, size)
atomic.StoreInt64(&b.sizeInUse, size-(int64(db.Stats().FreePageN)*int64(db.Info().PageSize)))
took := time.Since(now)
defragDurations.Observe(took.Seconds())
return nil
}
func defragdb(odb, tmpdb *bolt.DB, limit int) error {
// open a tx on tmpdb for writes
tmptx, err := tmpdb.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// open a tx on old db for read
tx, err := odb.Begin(false)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer tx.Rollback()
c := tx.Cursor()
count := 0
for next, _ := c.First(); next != nil; next, _ = c.Next() {
b := tx.Bucket(next)
if b == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("backend: cannot defrag bucket %s", string(next))
}
tmpb, berr := tmptx.CreateBucketIfNotExists(next)
if berr != nil {
return berr
}
tmpb.FillPercent = 0.9 // for seq write in for each
b.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
count++
if count > limit {
err = tmptx.Commit()
if err != nil {
return err
}
tmptx, err = tmpdb.Begin(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
tmpb = tmptx.Bucket(next)
tmpb.FillPercent = 0.9 // for seq write in for each
count = 0
}
return tmpb.Put(k, v)
})
}
return tmptx.Commit()
}
func (b *backend) begin(write bool) *bolt.Tx {
b.mu.RLock()
tx := b.unsafeBegin(write)
b.mu.RUnlock()
size := tx.Size()
db := tx.DB()
atomic.StoreInt64(&b.size, size)
atomic.StoreInt64(&b.sizeInUse, size-(int64(db.Stats().FreePageN)*int64(db.Info().PageSize)))
return tx
}
func (b *backend) unsafeBegin(write bool) *bolt.Tx {
tx, err := b.db.Begin(write)
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("cannot begin tx (%s)", err)
}
return tx
}
// NewTmpBackend creates a backend implementation for testing.
func NewTmpBackend(batchInterval time.Duration, batchLimit int) (*backend, string) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir(os.TempDir(), "etcd_backend_test")
if err != nil {
plog.Fatal(err)
}
tmpPath := filepath.Join(dir, "database")
bcfg := DefaultBackendConfig()
bcfg.Path, bcfg.BatchInterval, bcfg.BatchLimit = tmpPath, batchInterval, batchLimit
return newBackend(bcfg), tmpPath
}
func NewDefaultTmpBackend() (*backend, string) {
return NewTmpBackend(defaultBatchInterval, defaultBatchLimit)
}
type snapshot struct {
*bolt.Tx
stopc chan struct{}
donec chan struct{}
}
func (s *snapshot) Close() error {
close(s.stopc)
<-s.donec
return s.Tx.Rollback()
}