XOS defines a language for specifying data models (xproto) and a tool chain for generating code based on the set of models (xosgen).
The xproto language is based on Google’s protocol buffers (protobufs), borrowing their syntax, but extending their semantics to express additional behavior. Although these extensions can be written in syntactically valid protobufs (using the protobuf option feature), the resulting model definitions are cumbersome and the semantics are under-specified.
Whereas protobufs primarily facilitate one operation on models, namely, data serialization, xproto goes beyond protobufs to provide a framework for implementing custom operators.
Users are free to define models using standard protobufs instead of the xproto syntax, but doing so obscures the fact that packing new behavior into the options field renders protobuf’s semantics under-specified. Full details are given below, but as two examples: (1) xproto supports relationships (foreign keys) among objects defined by the models, and (2) xproto supports boolean predicates (policies) that can be applied to objects defined by the models.
The xosgen tool chain generates code based on a set of models loaded into the XOS Core. This tool chain can be used to produce multiple targets, including:
The next two sections describe xproto (first the models and then policies that can be applied to the models), and the following section describes xosgen and how it can be used to generate different targets.
The xproto syntax for models is based on Google Protobufs. This means that any protobuf file also qualifies as xproto. We currently use the Protobuf v2 syntax. For example, the file below specifies a model that describes container images:
message Image { required string name = 1 [db_index = False, max_length = 256, null = False, content_type = "stripped", blank = False]; required string kind = 2 [default = "vm", choices = "(('vm', 'Virtual Machine'), ('container', 'Container'))", max_length = 30, blank = False, null = False, db_index = False]; required string disk_format = 3 [db_index = False, max_length = 256, null = False, content_type = "stripped", blank = False]; required string container_format = 4 [db_index = False, max_length = 256, null = False, content_type = "stripped", blank = False]; optional string path = 5 [max_length = 256, content_type = "stripped", blank = True, help_text = "Path to image on local disk", null = True, db_index = False]; optional string tag = 6 [max_length = 256, content_type = "stripped", blank = True, help_text = "For Docker Images, tag of image", null = True, db_index = False]; }
We use standard protobuf scalar types, for example: int32, uint32, string, bool, and float.
xproto contains several extensions, encoded as Protobuf options, which the xosgen toolchain recognizes at the top level. The xproto extensions to Google Protobufs are as follows.
Inheritance instructs the xproto processor that a model inherits the fields of a set of base models. These base model fields are not copied into the derived model automatically. However, the fields can be accessed in an xproto target.
xproto
message EC2Instance (Instance, EC2Object) { // EC2Instance inherits the fields of Instance }
protobuf
message EC2Instance { option bases = "Instance,EC2Object" }
Links are references to one model from another. A link specifies the type of the reference (manytoone, manytomany, onetomany, or onetoone), name of the field that contains the reference (slice in the following example), its type (e.g., Slice), the name of the field in the peer model that points back to the current model, and a “through” field, specifying a model declared separately as an xproto message, that stores properties of the link.
xproto
message Instance { required manytoone slice:Slice->instances = 1; }
protobuf
message Instance { required int32 slice = 1 [model="Slice", link="manytoone", src_port="slice", dst_port="instances"]; }
The example shown below illustrates a manytomany link from Image to Deployment, which goes through the model ImageDeployments:
xproto
required manytomany deployments->Deployment/ImageDeployments:images = 7 [help_text = "Select which images should be instantiated on this deployment", null = False, db_index = False, blank = True];
Protobuf
required int32 deployments = 7 [help_text = "Select which images should be instantiated on this deployment", null = False, db_index = False, blank = True, model="Deployment", through="ImageDeployments", dst_port="images", link="manytomany"];
Associates a policy (a boolean expression) with a model to control access to instances of that model. How policies (e.g., slicle_policy) are specified is described below.
message Slice::slice_policy (XOSBase) { … }
Options declare information about models. They can be declared for individual models, or at the top level in the xproto definition, in which case they are inherited by all of the models in that definition.
option app_label = "core";
Currently supported model options include: app_label, skip_init, skip_django, tosca_description, validators, plural, singular, and gui_hidden.
Options are also supported on a per-field basis. The following lists the currently available field options.
The null option specifies whether a field has to be set or not (equivalent to annotating the field as required or optional):
option null = True
Help text describes a field:
option help_text = “Descriptive text goes here”;
The default value of the field:
option default = “Default value of field”;
The maximum length of a field whose type is string:
option max_length = 128;
Whether a field can be empty:
option blank = False;
A label to be used by the GUI display for this field:
option verbose_name = “Verbose name goes here”;
Do not display this field in the GUI (also available at the model level):
option gui_hidden = True;
The set of valid values for a field, where each inner-tuple specifies equivalence classes (e.g., vm is equivalent to Virtual Machine):
option choices = "(('vm', 'Virtual Machine'), ('container', 'Container'))";
Whether the field is an index field, that is, is used by database targets:
option db_index = True;
How to interpret/parse string fields:
option content_type = “stripped”; option content_type = “date”; option content_type = “url”; option content_type = “ip”;
Whether an assignment to a field is permitted, where the option setting is a named policy:
option validators = “port_validator:Slice is not allowed to connect to network”;
How policies (e.g., port_validator) are specified is described below.
Whether a field should be shown in the GUI:
option gui_hidden = True;
Identify a field that is used as key by the TOSCA engine. A model can have multiple keys in case we need a composite key:
option tosca_key = True;
Model names should use CamelCase without underscore. Model names should always be singular, never plural. For example: Slice, Network, Site.
Sometimes a model is used to relate two other models, and should be named after the two models that it relates. For example, a model that relates the Controller and User models should be called ControllerUser.
Field names use lower-case with underscores separating names. Examples of valid field names are: name, disk_format, controller_format.
Policies are boolean expressions that can be associated with models. Consider two examples. In the first, grant_policy is a predicate applied to instances of the Privilege model. It is used to generate and inject security checks into the API.
policy grant_policy < ctx.user.is_admin | exists Privilege:Privilege.object_type = obj.object_type & Privilege.object_id = obj.object_id & Privilege.accessor_type = "User" & Privilege.accessor_id = ctx.user.id & Privilege.permission = "role:admin" > message Privilege::grant_policy (XOSBase) { required int32 accessor_id = 1 [null = False]; required string accessor_type = 2 [null = False, max_length=1024]; required int32 controller_id = 3 [null = True]; required int32 object_id = 4 [null = False]; required string object_type = 5 [null = False, max_length=1024]; required string permission = 6 [null = False, default = "all", max_length=1024]; required string granted = 7 [content_type = "date", auto_now_add = True, max_length=1024]; required string expires = 8 [content_type = "date", null = True, max_length=1024]; }
The policy is executed relative to three implied inputs:
obj.object_type).cxt.user).exists Privilege:Privilege.accessor_id = ctx.user.id).Available context information includes the principal that invoked the operation (ctx.user) and the type of access that principal is requesting (ctx.write_access and ctx.read_access).
A second example involves the Port model and two related policies, port_validator and port_policy.
policy port_validator < (obj.instance.slice in obj.network.permitted_slices.all()) | (obj.instance.slice = obj.network.owner) | obj.network.permit_all_slices > policy port_policy < *instance_policy(instance) & *network_policy(network) > message Port::port_policy (XOSBase) { option validators = "port_validator:Slice is not allowed to connect to network"; required manytoone network->Network:links = 1 [db_index = True, null = False, blank = False, unique_with = "instance"]; optional manytoone instance->Instance:ports = 2 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional string ip = 3 [max_length = 39, content_type = "ip", blank = True, help_text = "Instance ip address", null = True, db_index = False]; optional string port_id = 4 [help_text = "Neutron port id", max_length = 256, null = True, db_index = False, blank = True]; optional string mac = 5 [help_text = "MAC address associated with this port", max_length = 256, null = True, db_index = False, blank = True]; required bool xos_created = 6 [default = False, null = False, db_index = False, blank = True]; }
Similar to the previous example, port_policy is associated with the Port model, but unlike grant_policy shown above (which is an expression over a set of objects in the data model), port_policy is defined by reference to two other policies: instance_policy and network_policy (not shown).
This example also shows the use of validators, which enforce invariants on how objects of a given model are used. In this case, policy port_validator checks to make sure the slice associated with a given port is included in the set of permitted networks.
Policy expressions may include the following operators: conjunction ( & ), disjunction ( | ), equality ( = ), negation ( not ), set membership ( in ), implication ( -> ), qualifiers ( exists, forall ), sub-policy reference ( * <policy name> ), python escapes ({{ python expression }}).
The xosgen tool converts a xproto file into an intermediate representation and passes it to a target, which in turn generates the output code. The target has access to a library of auxiliary functions implemented in Python. The target itself is written as a jinja2 template. The following figure depicts the processing pipeline.
The IR is a representation of a parsed xproto file in the form of nested Python dictionaries. Here is a description of its structure.
"proto": { "messages": [ {"name": "foo", fields: [{...}], links: [{...}], rlinks: [{...}], options: [{...}]} ] }, "context": { "command line option 1": "value - see the --kv option of xosgen" }, "options": { "top level option 1": "value of option 1" }
xproto targets can use a set of library functions implemented in Python. These can be found in the file lib.py in the genx/tool directory. These functions are listed below:
xproto_unquote(string) Unquotes a string. For example, "This is a help string" is converted into This is a help string.
xproto_singularize(field) Converts an English plural into its singular. It is extracted from the singular option for a field if such an option is specified. Otherwise, it performs the conversion automatically using the library pattern.en.
xproto_pluralize(field) The reverse of xproto_singularize.
A target is a template written in jinja2 that takes the IR as input and generates code (a text file) as output. Common targets are Python, Protobufs, unit tests, and so on. The following example shows how to generate a GraphViz dot file from a set of xproto specifications:
digraph { {% for m in proto.messages -%} {%- for l in m.links %} {{ m.name }} -> {{ l.peer }}; {%- endfor %} {% endfor %} }
This template loops through all of the messages in a proto definition and then through the links in each message. For each link, it formats and outputs an edge in a graph in Graphviz dot notation.
{{ proto }}
This target simply prints the IR for an xproto definition.
{% for m in proto.messages -%} {% for r in m.rlinks %} def enumerate_{{ xos_singularize(r) }}_ids: return map(lambda x:x['id'], {{ xos_pluralize(r) }}) {% endfor %} {% endfor -%}
The example target outputs a Python function that enumerates the ids of the objects from which the current object is linked.
It is possible to run the xosgen tool chain directly. This is useful, for example, when developing a new target.
To do do, first setup the python virtual environment as described here. Then drop an xproto file in your working directory. For example, you can copy-and-paste the following content into a file named slice.xproto:
message Slice::slice_policy (XOSBase) { option validators = "slice_name:Slice name ({obj.name}) must begin with site login_base ({ obj.site.login_base}), slice_name_length_and_no_spaces:Slice name too short or contains spaces, slice_has_creator:Slice has no creator"; option plural = "Slices"; required string name = 1 [max_length = 80, content_type = "stripped", blank = False, help_text = "The Name of the Slice", null = False, db_index = False]; required bool enabled = 2 [help_text = "Status for this Slice", default = True, null = False, db_index = False, blank = True]; required string description = 4 [help_text = "High level description of the slice and expected activities", max_length = 1024, null = False, db_index = False, blank = True, varchar = True]; required string slice_url = 5 [db_index = False, max_length = 512, null = False, content_type = "url", blank = True]; required manytoone site->Site:slices = 6 [help_text = "The Site this Slice belongs to", null = False, db_index = True, blank = False]; required int32 max_instances = 7 [default = 10, null = False, db_index = False, blank = False]; optional manytoone service->Service:slices = 8 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional string network = 9 [blank = True, max_length = 256, null = True, db_index = False, choices = "((None, 'Default'), ('host', 'Host'), ('bridged', 'Bridged'), ('noauto', 'No Automatic Networks'))"]; optional string exposed_ports = 10 [db_index = False, max_length = 256, null = True, blank = True]; optional manytoone creator->User:slices = 12 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional manytoone default_flavor->Flavor:slices = 13 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional manytoone default_image->Image:slices = 14 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional manytoone default_node->Node:slices = 15 [db_index = True, null = True, blank = True]; optional string mount_data_sets = 16 [default = "GenBank", max_length = 256, content_type = "stripped", blank = True, null = True, db_index = False]; required string default_isolation = 17 [default = "vm", choices = "(('vm', 'Virtual Machine'), ('container', 'Container'), ('container_vm', 'Container In VM'))", max_length = 30, blank = False, null = False, db_index = False]; }
One of the existing targets is Django, which currently serves as the Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool used in CORD. To generate a Django model starting from this xproto file you can use:
xosgenx --target="django.xtarget" --output=. --write-to-file="model" --dest-extension="py" slice.xproto
This generates a file called slice.py in your current directory. If there were multiple files, then it generates python Django models for each of them.
You can print the tool’s syntax by running xosgenx --help.
usage: xosgenx [-h] [--rev] --target TARGET [--output OUTPUT] [--attic ATTIC]
[--kvpairs KV] [--write-to-file {single,model,target}]
[--dest-file DEST_FILE | --dest-extension DEST_EXTENSION]
<input file> [<input file> ...]
XOS Generative Toolchain
positional arguments:
<input file> xproto files to compile
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--rev Convert proto to xproto
--target TARGET Output format, corresponding to <output>.yaml file
--output OUTPUT Destination dir
--attic ATTIC The location at which static files are stored
--kvpairs KV Key value pairs to make available to the target
--write-to-file {single,model,target}
Single output file (single) or output file per model
(model) or let target decide (target)
--dest-file DEST_FILE
Output file name (if write-to-file is set to single)
--dest-extension DEST_EXTENSION
Output file extension (if write-to-file is set to
single)