vendor/gopkg.in/jcmturner/gokrb5.v7/keytab/keytab.go - bbsim - Gitiles

 // Package keytab implements Kerberos keytabs: https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/formats/keytab_file_format.html.
 package keytab

 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"time"
 	"unsafe"

 	"gopkg.in/jcmturner/gokrb5.v7/types"
 )

 const (
 	keytabFirstByte byte = 05
 )

 // Keytab struct.
 type Keytab struct {
 	version uint8
 	Entries []entry
 }

 // Keytab entry struct.
 type entry struct {
 	Principal principal
 	Timestamp time.Time
 	KVNO8     uint8
 	Key       types.EncryptionKey
 	KVNO      uint32
 }

 // Keytab entry principal struct.
 type principal struct {
 	NumComponents int16
 	Realm         string
 	Components    []string
 	NameType      int32
 }

 // New creates new, empty Keytab type.
 func New() *Keytab {
 	var e []entry
 	return &Keytab{
 		version: 0,
 		Entries: e,
 	}
 }

 // GetEncryptionKey returns the EncryptionKey from the Keytab for the newest entry with the required kvno, etype and matching principal.
 func (kt *Keytab) GetEncryptionKey(princName types.PrincipalName, realm string, kvno int, etype int32) (types.EncryptionKey, error) {
 	//TODO (theme: KVNO from keytab) this function should return the kvno too
 	var key types.EncryptionKey
 	var t time.Time
 	for _, k := range kt.Entries {
 		if k.Principal.Realm == realm && len(k.Principal.Components) == len(princName.NameString) &&
 			k.Key.KeyType == etype &&
 			(k.KVNO == uint32(kvno) || kvno == 0) &&
 			k.Timestamp.After(t) {
 			p := true
 			for i, n := range k.Principal.Components {
 				if princName.NameString[i] != n {
 					p = false
 					break
 				}
 			}
 			if p {
 				key = k.Key
 				t = k.Timestamp
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	if len(key.KeyValue) < 1 {
 		return key, fmt.Errorf("matching key not found in keytab. Looking for %v realm: %v kvno: %v etype: %v", princName.NameString, realm, kvno, etype)
 	}
 	return key, nil
 }

 // Create a new Keytab entry.
 func newKeytabEntry() entry {
 	var b []byte
 	return entry{
 		Principal: newPrincipal(),
 		Timestamp: time.Time{},
 		KVNO8:     0,
 		Key: types.EncryptionKey{
 			KeyType:  0,
 			KeyValue: b,
 		},
 		KVNO: 0,
 	}
 }

 // Create a new principal.
 func newPrincipal() principal {
 	var c []string
 	return principal{
 		NumComponents: 0,
 		Realm:         "",
 		Components:    c,
 		NameType:      0,
 	}
 }

 // Load a Keytab file into a Keytab type.
 func Load(ktPath string) (*Keytab, error) {
 	kt := new(Keytab)
 	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(ktPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return kt, err
 	}
 	err = kt.Unmarshal(b)
 	return kt, err
 }

 // Marshal keytab into byte slice
 func (kt *Keytab) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
 	b := []byte{keytabFirstByte, kt.version}
 	for _, e := range kt.Entries {
 		eb, err := e.marshal(int(kt.version))
 		if err != nil {
 			return b, err
 		}
 		b = append(b, eb...)
 	}
 	return b, nil
 }

 // Write the keytab bytes to io.Writer.
 // Returns the number of bytes written
 func (kt *Keytab) Write(w io.Writer) (int, error) {
 	b, err := kt.Marshal()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error marshaling keytab: %v", err)
 	}
 	return w.Write(b)
 }

 // Unmarshal byte slice of Keytab data into Keytab type.
 func (kt *Keytab) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
 	if len(b) < 2 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("byte array is less than 2 bytes: %d", len(b))
 	}

 	//The first byte of the file always has the value 5
 	if b[0] != keytabFirstByte {
 		return errors.New("invalid keytab data. First byte does not equal 5")
 	}
 	//Get keytab version
 	//The 2nd byte contains the version number (1 or 2)
 	kt.version = b[1]
 	if kt.version != 1 && kt.version != 2 {
 		return errors.New("invalid keytab data. Keytab version is neither 1 nor 2")
 	}
 	//Version 1 of the file format uses native byte order for integer representations. Version 2 always uses big-endian byte order
 	var endian binary.ByteOrder
 	endian = binary.BigEndian
 	if kt.version == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
 		endian = binary.LittleEndian
 	}
 	/*
 		After the two-byte version indicator, the file contains a sequence of signed 32-bit record lengths followed by key records or holes.
 		A positive record length indicates a valid key entry whose size is equal to or less than the record length.
 		A negative length indicates a zero-filled hole whose size is the inverse of the length.
 		A length of 0 indicates the end of the file.
 	*/
 	// n tracks position in the byte array
 	n := 2
 	l, err := readInt32(b, &n, &endian)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	for l != 0 {
 		if l < 0 {
 			//Zero padded so skip over
 			l = l * -1
 			n = n + int(l)
 		} else {
 			//fmt.Printf("Bytes for entry: %v\n", b[n:n+int(l)])
 			if n < 0 {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%d can't be less than zero", n)
 			}
 			if n+int(l) > len(b) {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, n+int(l))
 			}
 			eb := b[n : n+int(l)]
 			n = n + int(l)
 			ke := newKeytabEntry()
 			// p keeps track as to where we are in the byte stream
 			var p int
 			var err error
 			parsePrincipal(eb, &p, kt, &ke, &endian)
 			ke.Timestamp, err = readTimestamp(eb, &p, &endian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			rei8, err := readInt8(eb, &p, &endian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			ke.KVNO8 = uint8(rei8)
 			rei16, err := readInt16(eb, &p, &endian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			ke.Key.KeyType = int32(rei16)
 			rei16, err = readInt16(eb, &p, &endian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			kl := int(rei16)
 			ke.Key.KeyValue, err = readBytes(eb, &p, kl, &endian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			//The 32-bit key version overrides the 8-bit key version.
 			// To determine if it is present, the implementation must check that at least 4 bytes remain in the record after the other fields are read,
 			// and that the value of the 32-bit integer contained in those bytes is non-zero.
 			if len(eb)-p >= 4 {
 				// The 32-bit key may be present
 				ri32, err := readInt32(eb, &p, &endian)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				ke.KVNO = uint32(ri32)
 			}
 			if ke.KVNO == 0 {
 				// Handles if the value from the last 4 bytes was zero and also if there are not the 4 bytes present. Makes sense to put the same value here as KVNO8
 				ke.KVNO = uint32(ke.KVNO8)
 			}
 			// Add the entry to the keytab
 			kt.Entries = append(kt.Entries, ke)
 		}
 		// Check if there are still 4 bytes left to read
 		// Also check that n is greater than zero
 		if n < 0 || n > len(b) || len(b[n:]) < 4 {
 			break
 		}
 		// Read the size of the next entry
 		l, err = readInt32(b, &n, &endian)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 func (e entry) marshal(v int) ([]byte, error) {
 	var b []byte
 	pb, err := e.Principal.marshal(v)
 	if err != nil {
 		return b, err
 	}
 	b = append(b, pb...)

 	var endian binary.ByteOrder
 	endian = binary.BigEndian
 	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
 		endian = binary.LittleEndian
 	}

 	t := make([]byte, 9)
 	endian.PutUint32(t[0:4], uint32(e.Timestamp.Unix()))
 	t[4] = e.KVNO8
 	endian.PutUint16(t[5:7], uint16(e.Key.KeyType))
 	endian.PutUint16(t[7:9], uint16(len(e.Key.KeyValue)))
 	b = append(b, t...)

 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	err = binary.Write(buf, endian, e.Key.KeyValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return b, err
 	}
 	b = append(b, buf.Bytes()...)

 	t = make([]byte, 4)
 	endian.PutUint32(t, e.KVNO)
 	b = append(b, t...)

 	// Add the length header
 	t = make([]byte, 4)
 	endian.PutUint32(t, uint32(len(b)))
 	b = append(t, b...)
 	return b, nil
 }

 // Parse the Keytab bytes of a principal into a Keytab entry's principal.
 func parsePrincipal(b []byte, p *int, kt *Keytab, ke *entry, e *binary.ByteOrder) error {
 	var err error
 	ke.Principal.NumComponents, err = readInt16(b, p, e)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if kt.version == 1 {
 		//In version 1 the number of components includes the realm. Minus 1 to make consistent with version 2
 		ke.Principal.NumComponents--
 	}
 	lenRealm, err := readInt16(b, p, e)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	realmB, err := readBytes(b, p, int(lenRealm), e)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	ke.Principal.Realm = string(realmB)
 	for i := 0; i < int(ke.Principal.NumComponents); i++ {
 		l, err := readInt16(b, p, e)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		compB, err := readBytes(b, p, int(l), e)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		ke.Principal.Components = append(ke.Principal.Components, string(compB))
 	}
 	if kt.version != 1 {
 		//Name Type is omitted in version 1
 		ke.Principal.NameType, err = readInt32(b, p, e)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 func (p principal) marshal(v int) ([]byte, error) {
 	//var b []byte
 	b := make([]byte, 2)
 	var endian binary.ByteOrder
 	endian = binary.BigEndian
 	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
 		endian = binary.LittleEndian
 	}
 	endian.PutUint16(b[0:], uint16(p.NumComponents))
 	realm, err := marshalString(p.Realm, v)
 	if err != nil {
 		return b, err
 	}
 	b = append(b, realm...)
 	for _, c := range p.Components {
 		cb, err := marshalString(c, v)
 		if err != nil {
 			return b, err
 		}
 		b = append(b, cb...)
 	}
 	if v != 1 {
 		t := make([]byte, 4)
 		endian.PutUint32(t, uint32(p.NameType))
 		b = append(b, t...)
 	}
 	return b, nil
 }

 func marshalString(s string, v int) ([]byte, error) {
 	sb := []byte(s)
 	b := make([]byte, 2)
 	var endian binary.ByteOrder
 	endian = binary.BigEndian
 	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
 		endian = binary.LittleEndian
 	}
 	endian.PutUint16(b[0:], uint16(len(sb)))
 	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	err := binary.Write(buf, endian, sb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return b, err
 	}
 	b = append(b, buf.Bytes()...)
 	return b, err
 }

 // Read bytes representing a timestamp.
 func readTimestamp(b []byte, p *int, e *binary.ByteOrder) (time.Time, error) {
 	i32, err := readInt32(b, p, e)
 	if err != nil {
 		return time.Time{}, err
 	}
 	return time.Unix(int64(i32), 0), nil
 }

 // Read bytes representing an eight bit integer.
 func readInt8(b []byte, p *int, e *binary.ByteOrder) (i int8, err error) {
 	if *p < 0 {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
 	}

 	if (*p + 1) > len(b) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+1)
 	}
 	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[*p : *p+1])
 	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
 	*p++
 	return
 }

 // Read bytes representing a sixteen bit integer.
 func readInt16(b []byte, p *int, e *binary.ByteOrder) (i int16, err error) {
 	if *p < 0 {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
 	}

 	if (*p + 2) > len(b) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+2)
 	}

 	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[*p : *p+2])
 	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
 	*p += 2
 	return
 }

 // Read bytes representing a thirty two bit integer.
 func readInt32(b []byte, p *int, e *binary.ByteOrder) (i int32, err error) {
 	if *p < 0 {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
 	}

 	if (*p + 4) > len(b) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+4)
 	}

 	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[*p : *p+4])
 	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
 	*p += 4
 	return
 }

 func readBytes(b []byte, p *int, s int, e *binary.ByteOrder) ([]byte, error) {
 	if s < 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", s)
 	}
 	i := *p + s
 	if i > len(b) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is greater than %d", b, i)
 	}
 	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[*p:i])
 	r := make([]byte, s)
 	if err := binary.Read(buf, *e, &r); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	*p += s
 	return r, nil
 }

 func isNativeEndianLittle() bool {
 	var x = 0x012345678
 	var p = unsafe.Pointer(&x)
 	var bp = (*[4]byte)(p)

 	var endian bool
 	if 0x01 == bp[0] {
 		endian = false
 	} else if (0x78 & 0xff) == (bp[0] & 0xff) {
 		endian = true
 	} else {
 		// Default to big endian
 		endian = false
 	}
 	return endian
 }
	// Package keytab implements Kerberos keytabs: https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-devel/doc/formats/keytab_file_format.html.
	package keytab

	import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"time"
	"unsafe"

	"gopkg.in/jcmturner/gokrb5.v7/types"
	)

	const (
	keytabFirstByte byte = 05
	)

	// Keytab struct.
	type Keytab struct {
	version uint8
	Entries []entry
	}

	// Keytab entry struct.
	type entry struct {
	Principal principal
	Timestamp time.Time
	KVNO8 uint8
	Key types.EncryptionKey
	KVNO uint32
	}

	// Keytab entry principal struct.
	type principal struct {
	NumComponents int16
	Realm string
	Components []string
	NameType int32
	}

	// New creates new, empty Keytab type.
	func New() *Keytab {
	var e []entry
	return &Keytab{
	version: 0,
	Entries: e,
	}
	}

	// GetEncryptionKey returns the EncryptionKey from the Keytab for the newest entry with the required kvno, etype and matching principal.
	func (kt *Keytab) GetEncryptionKey(princName types.PrincipalName, realm string, kvno int, etype int32) (types.EncryptionKey, error) {
	//TODO (theme: KVNO from keytab) this function should return the kvno too
	var key types.EncryptionKey
	var t time.Time
	for _, k := range kt.Entries {
	if k.Principal.Realm == realm && len(k.Principal.Components) == len(princName.NameString) &&
	k.Key.KeyType == etype &&
	(k.KVNO == uint32(kvno) \|\| kvno == 0) &&
	k.Timestamp.After(t) {
	p := true
	for i, n := range k.Principal.Components {
	if princName.NameString[i] != n {
	p = false
	break
	}
	}
	if p {
	key = k.Key
	t = k.Timestamp
	}
	}
	}
	if len(key.KeyValue) < 1 {
	return key, fmt.Errorf("matching key not found in keytab. Looking for %v realm: %v kvno: %v etype: %v", princName.NameString, realm, kvno, etype)
	}
	return key, nil
	}

	// Create a new Keytab entry.
	func newKeytabEntry() entry {
	var b []byte
	return entry{
	Principal: newPrincipal(),
	Timestamp: time.Time{},
	KVNO8: 0,
	Key: types.EncryptionKey{
	KeyType: 0,
	KeyValue: b,
	},
	KVNO: 0,
	}
	}

	// Create a new principal.
	func newPrincipal() principal {
	var c []string
	return principal{
	NumComponents: 0,
	Realm: "",
	Components: c,
	NameType: 0,
	}
	}

	// Load a Keytab file into a Keytab type.
	func Load(ktPath string) (*Keytab, error) {
	kt := new(Keytab)
	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(ktPath)
	if err != nil {
	return kt, err
	}
	err = kt.Unmarshal(b)
	return kt, err
	}

	// Marshal keytab into byte slice
	func (kt *Keytab) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
	b := []byte{keytabFirstByte, kt.version}
	for _, e := range kt.Entries {
	eb, err := e.marshal(int(kt.version))
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, eb...)
	}
	return b, nil
	}

	// Write the keytab bytes to io.Writer.
	// Returns the number of bytes written
	func (kt *Keytab) Write(w io.Writer) (int, error) {
	b, err := kt.Marshal()
	if err != nil {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("error marshaling keytab: %v", err)
	}
	return w.Write(b)
	}

	// Unmarshal byte slice of Keytab data into Keytab type.
	func (kt *Keytab) Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
	if len(b) < 2 {
	return fmt.Errorf("byte array is less than 2 bytes: %d", len(b))
	}

	//The first byte of the file always has the value 5
	if b[0] != keytabFirstByte {
	return errors.New("invalid keytab data. First byte does not equal 5")
	}
	//Get keytab version
	//The 2nd byte contains the version number (1 or 2)
	kt.version = b[1]
	if kt.version != 1 && kt.version != 2 {
	return errors.New("invalid keytab data. Keytab version is neither 1 nor 2")
	}
	//Version 1 of the file format uses native byte order for integer representations. Version 2 always uses big-endian byte order
	var endian binary.ByteOrder
	endian = binary.BigEndian
	if kt.version == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
	endian = binary.LittleEndian
	}
	/*
	After the two-byte version indicator, the file contains a sequence of signed 32-bit record lengths followed by key records or holes.
	A positive record length indicates a valid key entry whose size is equal to or less than the record length.
	A negative length indicates a zero-filled hole whose size is the inverse of the length.
	A length of 0 indicates the end of the file.
	*/
	// n tracks position in the byte array
	n := 2
	l, err := readInt32(b, &n, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	for l != 0 {
	if l < 0 {
	//Zero padded so skip over
	l = l * -1
	n = n + int(l)
	} else {
	//fmt.Printf("Bytes for entry: %v\n", b[n:n+int(l)])
	if n < 0 {
	return fmt.Errorf("%d can't be less than zero", n)
	}
	if n+int(l) > len(b) {
	return fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, n+int(l))
	}
	eb := b[n : n+int(l)]
	n = n + int(l)
	ke := newKeytabEntry()
	// p keeps track as to where we are in the byte stream
	var p int
	var err error
	parsePrincipal(eb, &p, kt, &ke, &endian)
	ke.Timestamp, err = readTimestamp(eb, &p, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	rei8, err := readInt8(eb, &p, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	ke.KVNO8 = uint8(rei8)
	rei16, err := readInt16(eb, &p, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	ke.Key.KeyType = int32(rei16)
	rei16, err = readInt16(eb, &p, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	kl := int(rei16)
	ke.Key.KeyValue, err = readBytes(eb, &p, kl, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	//The 32-bit key version overrides the 8-bit key version.
	// To determine if it is present, the implementation must check that at least 4 bytes remain in the record after the other fields are read,
	// and that the value of the 32-bit integer contained in those bytes is non-zero.
	if len(eb)-p >= 4 {
	// The 32-bit key may be present
	ri32, err := readInt32(eb, &p, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	ke.KVNO = uint32(ri32)
	}
	if ke.KVNO == 0 {
	// Handles if the value from the last 4 bytes was zero and also if there are not the 4 bytes present. Makes sense to put the same value here as KVNO8
	ke.KVNO = uint32(ke.KVNO8)
	}
	// Add the entry to the keytab
	kt.Entries = append(kt.Entries, ke)
	}
	// Check if there are still 4 bytes left to read
	// Also check that n is greater than zero
	if n < 0 \|\| n > len(b) \|\| len(b[n:]) < 4 {
	break
	}
	// Read the size of the next entry
	l, err = readInt32(b, &n, &endian)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	}
	return nil
	}

	func (e entry) marshal(v int) ([]byte, error) {
	var b []byte
	pb, err := e.Principal.marshal(v)
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, pb...)

	var endian binary.ByteOrder
	endian = binary.BigEndian
	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
	endian = binary.LittleEndian
	}

	t := make([]byte, 9)
	endian.PutUint32(t[0:4], uint32(e.Timestamp.Unix()))
	t[4] = e.KVNO8
	endian.PutUint16(t[5:7], uint16(e.Key.KeyType))
	endian.PutUint16(t[7:9], uint16(len(e.Key.KeyValue)))
	b = append(b, t...)

	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
	err = binary.Write(buf, endian, e.Key.KeyValue)
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, buf.Bytes()...)

	t = make([]byte, 4)
	endian.PutUint32(t, e.KVNO)
	b = append(b, t...)

	// Add the length header
	t = make([]byte, 4)
	endian.PutUint32(t, uint32(len(b)))
	b = append(t, b...)
	return b, nil
	}

	// Parse the Keytab bytes of a principal into a Keytab entry's principal.
	func parsePrincipal(b []byte, p int, kt Keytab, ke entry, e binary.ByteOrder) error {
	var err error
	ke.Principal.NumComponents, err = readInt16(b, p, e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	if kt.version == 1 {
	//In version 1 the number of components includes the realm. Minus 1 to make consistent with version 2
	ke.Principal.NumComponents--
	}
	lenRealm, err := readInt16(b, p, e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	realmB, err := readBytes(b, p, int(lenRealm), e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	ke.Principal.Realm = string(realmB)
	for i := 0; i < int(ke.Principal.NumComponents); i++ {
	l, err := readInt16(b, p, e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	compB, err := readBytes(b, p, int(l), e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	ke.Principal.Components = append(ke.Principal.Components, string(compB))
	}
	if kt.version != 1 {
	//Name Type is omitted in version 1
	ke.Principal.NameType, err = readInt32(b, p, e)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	}
	return nil
	}

	func (p principal) marshal(v int) ([]byte, error) {
	//var b []byte
	b := make([]byte, 2)
	var endian binary.ByteOrder
	endian = binary.BigEndian
	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
	endian = binary.LittleEndian
	}
	endian.PutUint16(b[0:], uint16(p.NumComponents))
	realm, err := marshalString(p.Realm, v)
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, realm...)
	for _, c := range p.Components {
	cb, err := marshalString(c, v)
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, cb...)
	}
	if v != 1 {
	t := make([]byte, 4)
	endian.PutUint32(t, uint32(p.NameType))
	b = append(b, t...)
	}
	return b, nil
	}

	func marshalString(s string, v int) ([]byte, error) {
	sb := []byte(s)
	b := make([]byte, 2)
	var endian binary.ByteOrder
	endian = binary.BigEndian
	if v == 1 && isNativeEndianLittle() {
	endian = binary.LittleEndian
	}
	endian.PutUint16(b[0:], uint16(len(sb)))
	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
	err := binary.Write(buf, endian, sb)
	if err != nil {
	return b, err
	}
	b = append(b, buf.Bytes()...)
	return b, err
	}

	// Read bytes representing a timestamp.
	func readTimestamp(b []byte, p int, e binary.ByteOrder) (time.Time, error) {
	i32, err := readInt32(b, p, e)
	if err != nil {
	return time.Time{}, err
	}
	return time.Unix(int64(i32), 0), nil
	}

	// Read bytes representing an eight bit integer.
	func readInt8(b []byte, p int, e binary.ByteOrder) (i int8, err error) {
	if *p < 0 {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
	}

	if (*p + 1) > len(b) {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+1)
	}
	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[p : p+1])
	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
	*p++
	return
	}

	// Read bytes representing a sixteen bit integer.
	func readInt16(b []byte, p int, e binary.ByteOrder) (i int16, err error) {
	if *p < 0 {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
	}

	if (*p + 2) > len(b) {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+2)
	}

	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[p : p+2])
	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
	*p += 2
	return
	}

	// Read bytes representing a thirty two bit integer.
	func readInt32(b []byte, p int, e binary.ByteOrder) (i int32, err error) {
	if *p < 0 {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", *p)
	}

	if (*p + 4) > len(b) {
	return 0, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is less than %d", b, *p+4)
	}

	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[p : p+4])
	binary.Read(buf, *e, &i)
	*p += 4
	return
	}

	func readBytes(b []byte, p int, s int, e binary.ByteOrder) ([]byte, error) {
	if s < 0 {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%d cannot be less than zero", s)
	}
	i := *p + s
	if i > len(b) {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s's length is greater than %d", b, i)
	}
	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(b[*p:i])
	r := make([]byte, s)
	if err := binary.Read(buf, *e, &r); err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}
	*p += s
	return r, nil
	}

	func isNativeEndianLittle() bool {
	var x = 0x012345678
	var p = unsafe.Pointer(&x)
	var bp = (*[4]byte)(p)

	var endian bool
	if 0x01 == bp[0] {
	endian = false
	} else if (0x78 & 0xff) == (bp[0] & 0xff) {
	endian = true
	} else {
	// Default to big endian
	endian = false
	}
	return endian
	}