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// Copyright 2015 The etcd Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package raft
import (
"context"
"errors"
pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/raft/raftpb"
)
type SnapshotStatus int
const (
SnapshotFinish SnapshotStatus = 1
SnapshotFailure SnapshotStatus = 2
)
var (
emptyState = pb.HardState{}
// ErrStopped is returned by methods on Nodes that have been stopped.
ErrStopped = errors.New("raft: stopped")
)
// SoftState provides state that is useful for logging and debugging.
// The state is volatile and does not need to be persisted to the WAL.
type SoftState struct {
Lead uint64 // must use atomic operations to access; keep 64-bit aligned.
RaftState StateType
}
func (a *SoftState) equal(b *SoftState) bool {
return a.Lead == b.Lead && a.RaftState == b.RaftState
}
// Ready encapsulates the entries and messages that are ready to read,
// be saved to stable storage, committed or sent to other peers.
// All fields in Ready are read-only.
type Ready struct {
// The current volatile state of a Node.
// SoftState will be nil if there is no update.
// It is not required to consume or store SoftState.
*SoftState
// The current state of a Node to be saved to stable storage BEFORE
// Messages are sent.
// HardState will be equal to empty state if there is no update.
pb.HardState
// ReadStates can be used for node to serve linearizable read requests locally
// when its applied index is greater than the index in ReadState.
// Note that the readState will be returned when raft receives msgReadIndex.
// The returned is only valid for the request that requested to read.
ReadStates []ReadState
// Entries specifies entries to be saved to stable storage BEFORE
// Messages are sent.
Entries []pb.Entry
// Snapshot specifies the snapshot to be saved to stable storage.
Snapshot pb.Snapshot
// CommittedEntries specifies entries to be committed to a
// store/state-machine. These have previously been committed to stable
// store.
CommittedEntries []pb.Entry
// Messages specifies outbound messages to be sent AFTER Entries are
// committed to stable storage.
// If it contains a MsgSnap message, the application MUST report back to raft
// when the snapshot has been received or has failed by calling ReportSnapshot.
Messages []pb.Message
// MustSync indicates whether the HardState and Entries must be synchronously
// written to disk or if an asynchronous write is permissible.
MustSync bool
}
func isHardStateEqual(a, b pb.HardState) bool {
return a.Term == b.Term && a.Vote == b.Vote && a.Commit == b.Commit
}
// IsEmptyHardState returns true if the given HardState is empty.
func IsEmptyHardState(st pb.HardState) bool {
return isHardStateEqual(st, emptyState)
}
// IsEmptySnap returns true if the given Snapshot is empty.
func IsEmptySnap(sp pb.Snapshot) bool {
return sp.Metadata.Index == 0
}
func (rd Ready) containsUpdates() bool {
return rd.SoftState != nil || !IsEmptyHardState(rd.HardState) ||
!IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) || len(rd.Entries) > 0 ||
len(rd.CommittedEntries) > 0 || len(rd.Messages) > 0 || len(rd.ReadStates) != 0
}
// appliedCursor extracts from the Ready the highest index the client has
// applied (once the Ready is confirmed via Advance). If no information is
// contained in the Ready, returns zero.
func (rd Ready) appliedCursor() uint64 {
if n := len(rd.CommittedEntries); n > 0 {
return rd.CommittedEntries[n-1].Index
}
if index := rd.Snapshot.Metadata.Index; index > 0 {
return index
}
return 0
}
// Node represents a node in a raft cluster.
type Node interface {
// Tick increments the internal logical clock for the Node by a single tick. Election
// timeouts and heartbeat timeouts are in units of ticks.
Tick()
// Campaign causes the Node to transition to candidate state and start campaigning to become leader.
Campaign(ctx context.Context) error
// Propose proposes that data be appended to the log. Note that proposals can be lost without
// notice, therefore it is user's job to ensure proposal retries.
Propose(ctx context.Context, data []byte) error
// ProposeConfChange proposes config change.
// At most one ConfChange can be in the process of going through consensus.
// Application needs to call ApplyConfChange when applying EntryConfChange type entry.
ProposeConfChange(ctx context.Context, cc pb.ConfChange) error
// Step advances the state machine using the given message. ctx.Err() will be returned, if any.
Step(ctx context.Context, msg pb.Message) error
// Ready returns a channel that returns the current point-in-time state.
// Users of the Node must call Advance after retrieving the state returned by Ready.
//
// NOTE: No committed entries from the next Ready may be applied until all committed entries
// and snapshots from the previous one have finished.
Ready() <-chan Ready
// Advance notifies the Node that the application has saved progress up to the last Ready.
// It prepares the node to return the next available Ready.
//
// The application should generally call Advance after it applies the entries in last Ready.
//
// However, as an optimization, the application may call Advance while it is applying the
// commands. For example. when the last Ready contains a snapshot, the application might take
// a long time to apply the snapshot data. To continue receiving Ready without blocking raft
// progress, it can call Advance before finishing applying the last ready.
Advance()
// ApplyConfChange applies config change to the local node.
// Returns an opaque ConfState protobuf which must be recorded
// in snapshots. Will never return nil; it returns a pointer only
// to match MemoryStorage.Compact.
ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState
// TransferLeadership attempts to transfer leadership to the given transferee.
TransferLeadership(ctx context.Context, lead, transferee uint64)
// ReadIndex request a read state. The read state will be set in the ready.
// Read state has a read index. Once the application advances further than the read
// index, any linearizable read requests issued before the read request can be
// processed safely. The read state will have the same rctx attached.
ReadIndex(ctx context.Context, rctx []byte) error
// Status returns the current status of the raft state machine.
Status() Status
// ReportUnreachable reports the given node is not reachable for the last send.
ReportUnreachable(id uint64)
// ReportSnapshot reports the status of the sent snapshot. The id is the raft ID of the follower
// who is meant to receive the snapshot, and the status is SnapshotFinish or SnapshotFailure.
// Calling ReportSnapshot with SnapshotFinish is a no-op. But, any failure in applying a
// snapshot (for e.g., while streaming it from leader to follower), should be reported to the
// leader with SnapshotFailure. When leader sends a snapshot to a follower, it pauses any raft
// log probes until the follower can apply the snapshot and advance its state. If the follower
// can't do that, for e.g., due to a crash, it could end up in a limbo, never getting any
// updates from the leader. Therefore, it is crucial that the application ensures that any
// failure in snapshot sending is caught and reported back to the leader; so it can resume raft
// log probing in the follower.
ReportSnapshot(id uint64, status SnapshotStatus)
// Stop performs any necessary termination of the Node.
Stop()
}
type Peer struct {
ID uint64
Context []byte
}
// StartNode returns a new Node given configuration and a list of raft peers.
// It appends a ConfChangeAddNode entry for each given peer to the initial log.
func StartNode(c *Config, peers []Peer) Node {
r := newRaft(c)
// become the follower at term 1 and apply initial configuration
// entries of term 1
r.becomeFollower(1, None)
for _, peer := range peers {
cc := pb.ConfChange{Type: pb.ConfChangeAddNode, NodeID: peer.ID, Context: peer.Context}
d, err := cc.Marshal()
if err != nil {
panic("unexpected marshal error")
}
e := pb.Entry{Type: pb.EntryConfChange, Term: 1, Index: r.raftLog.lastIndex() + 1, Data: d}
r.raftLog.append(e)
}
// Mark these initial entries as committed.
// TODO(bdarnell): These entries are still unstable; do we need to preserve
// the invariant that committed < unstable?
r.raftLog.committed = r.raftLog.lastIndex()
// Now apply them, mainly so that the application can call Campaign
// immediately after StartNode in tests. Note that these nodes will
// be added to raft twice: here and when the application's Ready
// loop calls ApplyConfChange. The calls to addNode must come after
// all calls to raftLog.append so progress.next is set after these
// bootstrapping entries (it is an error if we try to append these
// entries since they have already been committed).
// We do not set raftLog.applied so the application will be able
// to observe all conf changes via Ready.CommittedEntries.
for _, peer := range peers {
r.addNode(peer.ID)
}
n := newNode()
n.logger = c.Logger
go n.run(r)
return &n
}
// RestartNode is similar to StartNode but does not take a list of peers.
// The current membership of the cluster will be restored from the Storage.
// If the caller has an existing state machine, pass in the last log index that
// has been applied to it; otherwise use zero.
func RestartNode(c *Config) Node {
r := newRaft(c)
n := newNode()
n.logger = c.Logger
go n.run(r)
return &n
}
type msgWithResult struct {
m pb.Message
result chan error
}
// node is the canonical implementation of the Node interface
type node struct {
propc chan msgWithResult
recvc chan pb.Message
confc chan pb.ConfChange
confstatec chan pb.ConfState
readyc chan Ready
advancec chan struct{}
tickc chan struct{}
done chan struct{}
stop chan struct{}
status chan chan Status
logger Logger
}
func newNode() node {
return node{
propc: make(chan msgWithResult),
recvc: make(chan pb.Message),
confc: make(chan pb.ConfChange),
confstatec: make(chan pb.ConfState),
readyc: make(chan Ready),
advancec: make(chan struct{}),
// make tickc a buffered chan, so raft node can buffer some ticks when the node
// is busy processing raft messages. Raft node will resume process buffered
// ticks when it becomes idle.
tickc: make(chan struct{}, 128),
done: make(chan struct{}),
stop: make(chan struct{}),
status: make(chan chan Status),
}
}
func (n *node) Stop() {
select {
case n.stop <- struct{}{}:
// Not already stopped, so trigger it
case <-n.done:
// Node has already been stopped - no need to do anything
return
}
// Block until the stop has been acknowledged by run()
<-n.done
}
func (n *node) run(r *raft) {
var propc chan msgWithResult
var readyc chan Ready
var advancec chan struct{}
var prevLastUnstablei, prevLastUnstablet uint64
var havePrevLastUnstablei bool
var prevSnapi uint64
var applyingToI uint64
var rd Ready
lead := None
prevSoftSt := r.softState()
prevHardSt := emptyState
for {
if advancec != nil {
readyc = nil
} else {
rd = newReady(r, prevSoftSt, prevHardSt)
if rd.containsUpdates() {
readyc = n.readyc
} else {
readyc = nil
}
}
if lead != r.lead {
if r.hasLeader() {
if lead == None {
r.logger.Infof("raft.node: %x elected leader %x at term %d", r.id, r.lead, r.Term)
} else {
r.logger.Infof("raft.node: %x changed leader from %x to %x at term %d", r.id, lead, r.lead, r.Term)
}
propc = n.propc
} else {
r.logger.Infof("raft.node: %x lost leader %x at term %d", r.id, lead, r.Term)
propc = nil
}
lead = r.lead
}
select {
// TODO: maybe buffer the config propose if there exists one (the way
// described in raft dissertation)
// Currently it is dropped in Step silently.
case pm := <-propc:
m := pm.m
m.From = r.id
err := r.Step(m)
if pm.result != nil {
pm.result <- err
close(pm.result)
}
case m := <-n.recvc:
// filter out response message from unknown From.
if pr := r.getProgress(m.From); pr != nil || !IsResponseMsg(m.Type) {
r.Step(m)
}
case cc := <-n.confc:
if cc.NodeID == None {
select {
case n.confstatec <- pb.ConfState{
Nodes: r.nodes(),
Learners: r.learnerNodes()}:
case <-n.done:
}
break
}
switch cc.Type {
case pb.ConfChangeAddNode:
r.addNode(cc.NodeID)
case pb.ConfChangeAddLearnerNode:
r.addLearner(cc.NodeID)
case pb.ConfChangeRemoveNode:
// block incoming proposal when local node is
// removed
if cc.NodeID == r.id {
propc = nil
}
r.removeNode(cc.NodeID)
case pb.ConfChangeUpdateNode:
default:
panic("unexpected conf type")
}
select {
case n.confstatec <- pb.ConfState{
Nodes: r.nodes(),
Learners: r.learnerNodes()}:
case <-n.done:
}
case <-n.tickc:
r.tick()
case readyc <- rd:
if rd.SoftState != nil {
prevSoftSt = rd.SoftState
}
if len(rd.Entries) > 0 {
prevLastUnstablei = rd.Entries[len(rd.Entries)-1].Index
prevLastUnstablet = rd.Entries[len(rd.Entries)-1].Term
havePrevLastUnstablei = true
}
if !IsEmptyHardState(rd.HardState) {
prevHardSt = rd.HardState
}
if !IsEmptySnap(rd.Snapshot) {
prevSnapi = rd.Snapshot.Metadata.Index
}
if index := rd.appliedCursor(); index != 0 {
applyingToI = index
}
r.msgs = nil
r.readStates = nil
r.reduceUncommittedSize(rd.CommittedEntries)
advancec = n.advancec
case <-advancec:
if applyingToI != 0 {
r.raftLog.appliedTo(applyingToI)
applyingToI = 0
}
if havePrevLastUnstablei {
r.raftLog.stableTo(prevLastUnstablei, prevLastUnstablet)
havePrevLastUnstablei = false
}
r.raftLog.stableSnapTo(prevSnapi)
advancec = nil
case c := <-n.status:
c <- getStatus(r)
case <-n.stop:
close(n.done)
return
}
}
}
// Tick increments the internal logical clock for this Node. Election timeouts
// and heartbeat timeouts are in units of ticks.
func (n *node) Tick() {
select {
case n.tickc <- struct{}{}:
case <-n.done:
default:
n.logger.Warningf("A tick missed to fire. Node blocks too long!")
}
}
func (n *node) Campaign(ctx context.Context) error { return n.step(ctx, pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgHup}) }
func (n *node) Propose(ctx context.Context, data []byte) error {
return n.stepWait(ctx, pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgProp, Entries: []pb.Entry{{Data: data}}})
}
func (n *node) Step(ctx context.Context, m pb.Message) error {
// ignore unexpected local messages receiving over network
if IsLocalMsg(m.Type) {
// TODO: return an error?
return nil
}
return n.step(ctx, m)
}
func (n *node) ProposeConfChange(ctx context.Context, cc pb.ConfChange) error {
data, err := cc.Marshal()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return n.Step(ctx, pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgProp, Entries: []pb.Entry{{Type: pb.EntryConfChange, Data: data}}})
}
func (n *node) step(ctx context.Context, m pb.Message) error {
return n.stepWithWaitOption(ctx, m, false)
}
func (n *node) stepWait(ctx context.Context, m pb.Message) error {
return n.stepWithWaitOption(ctx, m, true)
}
// Step advances the state machine using msgs. The ctx.Err() will be returned,
// if any.
func (n *node) stepWithWaitOption(ctx context.Context, m pb.Message, wait bool) error {
if m.Type != pb.MsgProp {
select {
case n.recvc <- m:
return nil
case <-ctx.Done():
return ctx.Err()
case <-n.done:
return ErrStopped
}
}
ch := n.propc
pm := msgWithResult{m: m}
if wait {
pm.result = make(chan error, 1)
}
select {
case ch <- pm:
if !wait {
return nil
}
case <-ctx.Done():
return ctx.Err()
case <-n.done:
return ErrStopped
}
select {
case err := <-pm.result:
if err != nil {
return err
}
case <-ctx.Done():
return ctx.Err()
case <-n.done:
return ErrStopped
}
return nil
}
func (n *node) Ready() <-chan Ready { return n.readyc }
func (n *node) Advance() {
select {
case n.advancec <- struct{}{}:
case <-n.done:
}
}
func (n *node) ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState {
var cs pb.ConfState
select {
case n.confc <- cc:
case <-n.done:
}
select {
case cs = <-n.confstatec:
case <-n.done:
}
return &cs
}
func (n *node) Status() Status {
c := make(chan Status)
select {
case n.status <- c:
return <-c
case <-n.done:
return Status{}
}
}
func (n *node) ReportUnreachable(id uint64) {
select {
case n.recvc <- pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgUnreachable, From: id}:
case <-n.done:
}
}
func (n *node) ReportSnapshot(id uint64, status SnapshotStatus) {
rej := status == SnapshotFailure
select {
case n.recvc <- pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgSnapStatus, From: id, Reject: rej}:
case <-n.done:
}
}
func (n *node) TransferLeadership(ctx context.Context, lead, transferee uint64) {
select {
// manually set 'from' and 'to', so that leader can voluntarily transfers its leadership
case n.recvc <- pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgTransferLeader, From: transferee, To: lead}:
case <-n.done:
case <-ctx.Done():
}
}
func (n *node) ReadIndex(ctx context.Context, rctx []byte) error {
return n.step(ctx, pb.Message{Type: pb.MsgReadIndex, Entries: []pb.Entry{{Data: rctx}}})
}
func newReady(r *raft, prevSoftSt *SoftState, prevHardSt pb.HardState) Ready {
rd := Ready{
Entries: r.raftLog.unstableEntries(),
CommittedEntries: r.raftLog.nextEnts(),
Messages: r.msgs,
}
if softSt := r.softState(); !softSt.equal(prevSoftSt) {
rd.SoftState = softSt
}
if hardSt := r.hardState(); !isHardStateEqual(hardSt, prevHardSt) {
rd.HardState = hardSt
}
if r.raftLog.unstable.snapshot != nil {
rd.Snapshot = *r.raftLog.unstable.snapshot
}
if len(r.readStates) != 0 {
rd.ReadStates = r.readStates
}
rd.MustSync = MustSync(r.hardState(), prevHardSt, len(rd.Entries))
return rd
}
// MustSync returns true if the hard state and count of Raft entries indicate
// that a synchronous write to persistent storage is required.
func MustSync(st, prevst pb.HardState, entsnum int) bool {
// Persistent state on all servers:
// (Updated on stable storage before responding to RPCs)
// currentTerm
// votedFor
// log entries[]
return entsnum != 0 || st.Vote != prevst.Vote || st.Term != prevst.Term
}